This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.

We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at|http : //books . google . com/

Digitized by

Google ;

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

-uler _-
.rom tb

*;

j_^-*^

^--^rT:

Digitized by VjOUV IC

^\

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

sSo

n^anhuec.

Digitized t|y V^jC

'a/

HISTORICAL RESEARCHES fi^. ff^. ^

OP

PERU, MEXICO,

BOGOTA, NATCHEZ, and TALOMECO,

fin tfie tri^imrtttlb €$ntut$» t^

ACCOMPANIED WITH

ELEPHANTS;

AND THE LOCAL AGREEMENT OP HISTORY AND TRADITION, WITH THE
REMAINS OF ELEPHANTS AND MASTODONTES,

FOUND IN

THE NEW WORLD:

'CONTAINING

ifwasion of Japan^ from China: — A Violent Storm. — Mongols^ with Elc^
phantSf land in Peru; and in California. — Very Numerous Identi/ications^
— History of Peru and Mexico^ to the Conquest by Spain. — Grandeur
of the Incasy and of Montezuma. — On Quadrupeds supposed extincL —
Wild Elephants in America. — Tapirs in Asia. — Desertion ofTtPO liv-
ing Unieoms m Africa.

WITH TWO MAPS, AND PORTRAITS OF ALL THE INCAS, AND MONTEZUMA.

BY JOHN RANKING,

AUTB4E OPaBSBARCHBS ON THE WARS ANO rr'oilTS'OF.
THE MONOOLl AND ROMANS.

LONDON:

NGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN.

M.DCCC.XXVII.

Clieckod

^^y i9U Digitized by VjOOQIC

, V-

Digitized by

Google

TO

THE RIGHT HONORABLE

ALLEYNE LORD ST. HELENS,

LATB AMBASSADOR

AT THE COURTS OF MADRID

ARD St. PETERSBURGH,

THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY

HIS LORDSHIP'S

FAITHFUL AND OBLIGED

HUMBLE SERVANT,

LtONDON,

March 20, 18«7. THE AUTHOR.

Digitized by

Google

/-

0

: ^

.^..

.~~<r

'

3H^

Digitized by

Google

CONTENTS.

Imtboduction 7

CHAP. !•

InocuUm qf Japan by the Mongols. A

Jurious Storm, and Failure qfthe Expe-
tUiion. Si$ie and Construction qf Chi-
nese Ships. Winds in the Pacific

Ocean. 38

CHAP. n.

' Strangers, with Elephants, arrtDe on the

Coast of Peru. Their Cruelty and

Brutality Terror qfthe Natives

Mango and his W^e appear at a Lake,

and are received as Sovereigns.

Sketch of the History if the Incas to the
Conquest by Pixarro.—^^Cofpses qf the

B

Digitized by

Google

ii CONTENTS.

IncM. Their mild Character aitd Man-
ners. — — Language. Quipos.

City qf Cusseo. Tempk of the Sun.

Magnificent Establishments for the

Virgins qf the Sun. Laws. Ex-
tent qf the En^re. Its Duration. . 51

CHAP. HI.

Identity qf the Mongols and Incas qf Pe-
ru Mango Capac. Persons and

Dress. Insignia qf the Sun and lAou.

Religion. Pacha Comae.

Solemn Festival qf the Sun. Hunting

Circles* Army and Arms. Agri-

. culture. Architecture 168

CHAP. IV.

Identity eanthmed. Presents to the In-
cas^— Moyal Palaces. Post-stations

and Telegraph. Travelling Chair qfi

the Inca.^-—Moyal Borla. Engrav-
ed Mocks. Maw food, Maitse, and Ma-
nure. Oold and Silver Sheep, Statues,

FomUain. Inns or Hotels. Come-

Digitized by

Google

CONTENTS. ji

Wh^ ^ NoUes. Nmiher Nime.

A Marble Cross 204

CHAP. V.
Identity eMiimied.^-^>-^JFSmerals; Wipes
and Domestics fmt to Death, and Imried
with the Jneas.'-^^^^ Tombs; smtprismg
Riches found in ihemT OoU, Siher,
Jewels, Arms, Clothes, %^. S29

CHAP. VI.

Note on Tangut and Thibet Identity

with the Mongols qf the Natives qf Bo-
gota, in New ChramukL-r.^ir^Qf Ifafchen,

om the Mississippi. Q^ Talomeco, on

the Ohio 241

CHAP. VIL

Sheich of the History of Amdmaefiim the

8imih Cenitury to the Year 158S. So*

vereigns i^ Mem^o.^-^^-^Andent Ciiy.qf
Mexico; great Marhet described.-m^^

B2

Digitized by

Google

iv CdNTENTS.

Gra$^deur(^Mtmte%uma; Jus Court, Fiir
laces 9 Parks, Menageries, and Gardens 265

CHAP. vin.

Identity cfthe Mongols and Mexicans.

Pyramids: Mnman Sacrifices.

Signe qf Time. Number Nine.

Hieroglyphics. Veneration Jhr the

Owl Mexican Warrior. Fune-
rals. Cosmogony. Vapcmr Baths.

SUh, and Silk Paper. Copper Tools.

Numerous Small Temples 353

CHAP. IX.

Description ^ the Fossil Mastodon . . . . 389

CHAP. X.

WUd Elephants at Choco, in New Grana-
da. Memains of Mastoiontes ondEle-^

phants found in America. Entrench-
ments. Inscriptions. — ---Antiquities

found in Tombs, resembling Mongol and
Chinese 396

Digitized by

Google

CONTENTS. V

CHAP. XL
BemarJu on Qiuxdnpeih said to be extinct.

One Mwndred and Ttoenty Roman

8h^ traded ammOyfrom tke Red Sea

to ihe East Indies, The Tapir qf

Sumatra, Description qf Two Liv-
ing Unicorns. Hippopotamus.

Mastodon. Imperfect Knowledge of

Fossil Quadrupeds 426

CHAP. XII.

Short Dissertation on the Original Papular

tion cf America. Persons. Nwair

hers. Languages • 456

Errata 472

List <tf Books rrferred to 47«

Digitized by

Google

DIRECTIONS 1X> THE BINDBB.

Pkt€
I. Map of the World to &c6 th6 title.
n. Six First Incas of P^ru, opposite p. 56*
III. Six Incas of P«ni, p. 76.
rV. Two last Incas of Peru, Timur Bee, Jehanghir, Sun

and liion. Hippopotamus, and Tapir, p. 1 16.
v. ]i«pofABaliMe,An(ueiitMexM^,ifei^^^
VL Portrait of Montezuma, p. 318.

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION.

In the sixth page of the Introdaotioa to the
^ Researches on the Wars and Sp<Hrts of the
Mangols and Romans/' the writer hinted at
having met with some indications of a conneo-
tion between Asia and America, long before
the discovery of the New World by Columbus.,
From that time he has kept this object in view;
and sndi has been the success of his further enh
quiries^ that he now ventures confid^idy to afr
firm that Peru^ Mexico^ and other countriM
in America, were conquered by the Mongols,
Acoompanied with ej^pAmto^ in the thirte^ith
century. The slow attainment of knowledge
appears truly surprising, whe^ we contemplate
that, according to the literature of the most en-
light^ied portion of mankind, the earth is pre*
sumed to have been created fifty-eight centuries;

Digitized by

Google

8 INTRODDCnON.

and that thirty^five of them, indudhig the event
of the Delage, elapsed without oar possessing
any European profane history ; that of Herodo-
tus being written in the fifth century before
Christ. No land of any importance was known
to the Greeks or Romans west of the shores of
Africa; none was discovered by them on the
east, beyond the longitude of one hundred and
twenty d^;ree8 fr^m Greenwidi, at the most
Marco Polo in the thirteenth century extended
our knowledge to Japan; and no other disco-
very, except the Azores, was made till the year
1492, Thus, for fifty-five centuries, we were
ignorant of one hundred and eighty degrees
of the longitude of the equator, but possessed
some knowledge of East Greenland, in the Arc-
tic Circle.

If we conclude that nothing was known on
the south, lower than about the tropic of Capri-
corn, nearly half of the latitude was also yet
undiscovered. Small as this planet is, in the
sublime scale of nature; how immense in tiie
limited eye of mani If, a few days before land
appeared, the crew of Columbus's ship, terriied

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 9

as they were at their hazardous state, had
thrown their commander into the sea; and the
ejq>edition had found the way back to Europe^
or if it had been lost; who can pronounce how
much longer a portion oi the earth, of greater
magnitude than the moon, but more hidden
from our sight, would hare continued as un-
Imo^i^, to the proud of their phUosophy and
sjrstems, as the Greorgium Sidus?

On the fortitude and good sense of a great
mind in a moment of difficulty and danger, de-
pended the most considerable event that has
ever occurred among human beings.

At the present period, the space in Afiricay
ftmu lat. 10^ north to 8(f south, is a blank to
the civilized world. An immense territory,
between Thibet and Siberia, is imperfectly de-
scribed. In America^ both north and south,
there are vast districts which may be termed
undiscovered: and if we add to this New Hol-
land, Borneo, and other unexamined regions, it
appears, even now, that half of the surface of
fhe earth has not been visited by any one who
was qualified to communicate the knowledge

Digitized by

Google

10 INTRODOCTIOM.

of its poroductioDB oar hmbaxf to the teamed por-
tion of numkind; ahiioiigli the whole extent of
the Umdis not more than about a third of the
guperfides of this planet. Thus, if we consider
that half of the Ituid, besides tiae depths <rf the
ocean to a still greater extent are jtt hidden
firom the eye of science; and the natnnd con-
▼alsions that the earth has undergone; how iipr
perfect must be our knowledge of the Instary
and description of man, of animals aad of plants !

The narratnres of Mudco Polo, and.Sir Jolw
Mamidevile, had warmed the imagination of
Columbus into a cciivicticm that he could reach
tiie JSast Indies hj sailing westward. Bj the
travels of those authors, it was then knoutt
what an immensely extensive empire was in
ih/t power of ihe Montis, called also Tar-
tars.

When Columbus^ on his arrival in the New
World, inquired of some natives respecting the
gdd, of which they made their ornaments ; they
answered him CkAanacttn, (it is produced in
Cuba); and so full was his mind of Marco Pdk>
and the East Indies, that he imagined tibem to

Digitized by

Google

iNntoDUcnoN. 1 1

be 49pealdaig of the Guxkd Khm KxMtA*, who
WM the Mongfel Ettperor of CMm, and of tfiore
^ksM hftif of the popid«Hoti <^the globe, when
Polo msB in that eo«itry. Such was the igno-
unx» of Hie Most Mgaoiom geographer that
Ittd «i^er appeared^ reiq^ecthig the eitest of the
eafth, that he rapposed Uttself arrived ih llie
Mot^l Eaq^re, when he mm one hundred mid
ilftydegreea short of itft Akboiigh itenayiman
der bad taug^ and at this period there was no
^donht in the minds of persons of reflection and
imderstanding, that the earA is spherical; it
Yfi8 not tiK the voyage of MageBaa, in the
year 1S21, that it was proved to be so^.

* aobertsoa, VoL i p. 96. ^

t Columbus, from this mistake and the similarity of
the pepper, birds, crocodiles, &c. called the country
West India, which name was confirmed by Ferdinand
and Isabefla. — IhAeffsan, Pol. i. p. 111.

X The Mahomedan Moguls, in the fifteenth century^
did not suspect the convexity of the earth. ** If the
canopy of heaven were a bow, and the earth were the
cord thereof; and if calamities were the arrows, and
maiddnd the marks for those arrows; and if Afamghty
God, the tremendous and the glorious, were the unerr-
ing archer, — to whom could the sons of Adam fiee for

Digitized by

Google

12 INTRODUCTION.

** That State of primeval simplicily whidi
was known in our continent only by the &aci-
fiil description of poets^ really existed in tte
New World in the discovery by Colnmbus.
The Peruvians and Mexicans only, had emerged
from this rude condition, and had attained the
highest state of improvement ever known in
that vast continent*.'^ They possessed no tame
animals except the Llama, knew not the use of
iron« and agriculture was extremely limited.

The population of the New World was esti-
mated by some at four milHons, by RicdoH at
three hundred millionsf. Cuzcowas the only
place that had the appearance, or was entitled
to the name of a city, in all the dominions of
thelncas: every where else the people lived in

protection? The sons of Adam must flee unto the
Lord." — T\mi0^8 InsHhUes, p. xlviiL firam the Alcoran.

* See Robertson, VoL L p. 282.

t PiskertoD, {Qeog. u. 531, 535), thinks fifteen near-
est the truth, inmodem times; and that, when discover-
ed by Columbus, the whole population did not exceed
four millions, ($. 601). At the death of Queen Elizabeth,
Pinkerton affirms tiiat there was not one Englishman
setded in America.

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 13

detached habitations^ or at the utmost setfled
together in small villages; no aamdU whatever
exiet 4^ times prior to Mango Capac.

Mexico was the only city that was worthy of
that name in the empire of Montezuma.

The capital of the warlike Tlascalans, the
implacable enemies of the Mexicans, only sixty
miles from Mexico, consisted of a number of
low straggling huts, built with turf and stone,
and thatched with reeds; without light, except
through a door so low that it could not be en-
tered upright*; and though less civilized than
the Mexicans, they were advanced in improve-
ment &r beyond the other rude tribes.

* Such is Robertson's account of Tlascala. Clavi-
gero^ 4^) affinns that Cortet|inhis letter to Charles
¥• speaks thus of that city: *^ It is so large and won-
derful, that although I omit a great deal of what I
could say, I belieye that Uttle which I say will appear
incredible; for it is much larger and more populous
than Granadai when it was taken from the Moors,
more strong, has as good bufldings^ and more abund^
ance of every thing."

The writer is inclined to think that both of these de-
scriptions are exaggerations. The Tlascalans arrired in
Anahuac with the seven tribes^ who left Asia in 1178,
before the Moguls had become civilized by their Chi-

Digitized by

Google

14 INTRODUCTION.

Tke mmisafAnakme arelmovmimperfeethf
JromihBSWtk antmry qfthe Christian era.

Vast journieB Itare been made in North
America, without meeting with a aingle in-
habitant for scmie hundreda of leagues. In the
regions of the Oronoco, a traveller might go
hundreds of miles^ in different direetions, with-
out finding the footsteps of a human creature.
Guiana, more extensive than FrancCj and di-
vided among many nations, contained only
twenty*five thousand inhabitants*. Such was

neie sulgecCB: and therefore were not Hkely to equal
the Mexican-Mogulsi who were from China direct.
But being the same race and speaking the same lan-
guage, it seems very probable that the Tlascalans in
two centuries would imitate some of the architectttral
conyenieiices and elegance of their political rtvalc».

* Robertson, Vol. i p. 337, Vol. U. pp. 36, 296, 32a.
^' The houses in Ghiiana resemble our bams in Eng-
land; they are skilfully built, and thatched so that no
rain can enter: some of them are one hundred and fifty
paces long, and twenty broad, and contain one hund-
red people. They make good bread, and strong and
pleasant drink of the cassavi root; and hare very good
earthem pots, which hold above thirty gallons."-^-t7oAn
Wilson of Wanstead, Essex^ in Purchas, FolAv.p.
1961. A. D. 1606.

Digitized by

Google

IKTlODUCnON. U

tlie oooditioii of America when discovered
hj the Spaniards.

When Cuzco was founded bj Mango Ciqmc,
noDe of tl» civilization introdoced by the Peru-
▼iaflBs and Mexicans was in existence. At that
period, says Gardllasso de la Vega» the natives
of Peru were little better than tamed brutes,
and some were worse than the wild ones: they
adored whatever was nearest to them, moun-
tains, stones,"* trees, rivers, wild beasts; apes
for tiieir cmming, cfogs for thdr sagacity, and
serpents lor their prodigious size; at Puerto
Vieio they worshipped an enormous emerald;
some held the condor in veneration, the sea, the
whale, fire, the ridge of the Cordilleras; and
those who possessed numerous flocks in their
pastures, adored sheep, (pacos).

Their sacrifices consisted of fruits and animals,
nd also of men, wom$n, and children captured
in war. They made drums of their skins, to
affiight their enemies, and devoured their flesh.
They committed murders and burnt villages.
Those among their chiefs who governed their
subjects with mildness and justice, they adored

Digitized by

Google

16 INTRODUCTION,

as gods. Truth/ says Yega^ obliges ine to say,
that the Indians went, like the brutes, without
dothing: I remember, that even in the year
1560, on my arrival from Spain at Carthagena,
1 met five Indians in the street,^ walking in a
line, one after the other, like geese or storks,
and entirely naked* ••

Before Mango Capac appeared, it is not
known tiiat there was a brick or a stone house
in the whole of America. The pyramids in the
valley of Mexico, Casa Grande (see p. 282),
and some interesting ruins at Tiahuanaco, near
lake Chucuytuf, appear to be the only symp-
toms of art or architecture that existed. No

« Vega, VoL 1. S8 to 59. These Indians had not
been subjects of the Incas.

t In the modem Upper Peru or Bolivia. The ru-
ins are described, p. 73. It may here be mentioned
that Yupanqui, the tenth Inca, met with courageous
and warlike resistance, on his attempt to conquer the
Chilians beyond the river Mauli ; but as no proofs of
towns or civilization have ever been described as hav-
ing then existed in those regions, we may conclude that
it was a heroic effort of the principal inhabitants, and
that the Purumacas, (who are still unsubdued), were to
the Incas what the Caledonians had been to the Roman
Emperors.— iSlfe Vega, B. vii. Ch. xix.

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 17

]fmi> not a. bridge^ no vessel beyond a canoe^ in
that immense pottion of the globe, so justly
nsmed the New World*.

A temple, and a consideraUe comparative
d^ee of civilization will be fomid at Talome-
CO, in north latitude 80^ west of lake Erie;
but the people bear evidence of a Mongol
or^n; and Talomeco is not &r from two
]^aoes where remains of elephants' grinders,
hke those of Siberia, and others of the Masto-
don, have been found. Bogota and Natchez
bear irredstible indications of being likewise
Mongol settlements; but the writer having
dwelt at some length on the origin of the
Peruvian and Mexican empires, he has not

* What curious reflections arise at Britain having
borne the same mark of distinction in the first century.
'* As for those who place so much confidence in the
walls of Jerusalem, they would do well to consider the
walls of Britain, where the inhabitants are surrounded
by the sea in a kind of New World, not much inferior
to the other. They have made themselves masters of
that vast island too, and only assigned four legions as a
guard upon it.*' — Josephus, B. ii« Ch. xvi.

Digitized by

Google

18 INTRODUCTION.

swdled his work witii more researches than
were necessary to establish his point

We must fiiUy acquiesce in the truth of the
remark of the eloquent Gibbon, that ** the ror
pid conquests qf the Moguls and Tartars may
be compared with the primitive convulsions qfnor-
ture, which have agitated and altered the snr--
face qf the glohe!" v

In the thirteenth century, a warlike genius
appeared, with whom no other human being
can in any moderate proportion be compared.
His lieutenants were C!«sars and Alexanders in
the magnitude of their devastations and con*

Timougin, son of Pisouca» chief of a tribe
of Mongols near lake Baikal in Siberia, was
proclaimed Grand Khan, with the title of
Genghis, A. D. 1205. Before the death of his
grandson Kublai, the continent of Asia was
nearly subdued; Europe was thrown into the
utmost consternation; Japan was invaded;
and, from the effects of a storm, Peru and Mex-
ico were fated to arise from the generals and

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 19

troqps who escaped from that mighty expedi-
tion*.

* An the contiiieiit el Asia, except EBncloBtaai and
Arabia, was subdued in 1S80. (Hindostan was invaded
by Timur, but not possessed by the Moguls till 1585.)
Grenghis's grandson, Batou, ravaged Europe with more
than half a millicm of ca^vahy, to the shores of Dahuh
tiOf and died on his march to attack Constantinople in
1S56* The Emperor Frederick wrote to Henry III.
of England, '' A barbarous nation, called Tartairs, we
know not from what place, with incomparable powar
and numbers, not sparing sex or dignity, have come
like a whirlwind into Hungary, where there has been^
not fiir from their tents, such slaughter as has never
h^ipened in one battle. They have another army in
Poland, where the Prince and Duke are slain, and ano-
ther in Bohemia. The general destruction of the world^
but especially of Christendom, caUs for speedy succour^
They name their lord. The God of the Earth: They
wear raw hides, with iron plates sewed on, as armour;
but now, with grief I speak it, are dad out of the spoih
of Chrktians. They are incomparable archers, and
cross rivers upon skins artificially sewed. Let your
Excellency therefore provide and wisely consult to re-
sist them [the Emperor was married to Henry's sister^
Isabel], for they are come to subdue aU the West.
But they shall not perpetrate such mischief unrevenged^
wben Satan shall have drawn them to their deaths;
when Germany prone to arms, France the nurse of
aoldiers, warlike Spain, fertile England, potent m men

C2

Digitized by

Google

20 INTRODUCTION.

It ia very wonderful, that there is not any
proof whatever in history, of the Peruvians utd

and a furnished navy, nimble Wales, marshy Scotland,
and Ireland, also every other region in the West, will
cheerfully send choice soldiers under the quickening
cross, which not only rebels but devils dread.**
- On this event. Queen Blanche, with deep sighs and
plentiful tears, said to St. Louis, ** What shall we do,
my dearest son, about this lamentable event?*' The king,
with a mournful voice, replied, " if they come on us,
we shall either send them back to their Tartarian
abodes, or they ^hall exalt us to heaven." — See Pur-
chas, m.6l.

Batou*sfrontier was the river Don, and all Russia long
remained tributary. If we add to these invasions the
progress of the Mongols in America^ which there is
strong reason to conclude reached to Rhode Island,
(See Ch. XIL), their conquests and their influence have
nearly crurrounded the earth, in a single century.

These hardy warriors, whose chief resided at Pekin,
after the death of Kublai, in i294; being in the posses^
sion of such immense power and grandeur, were sur-
rounded by Lamas, who flattered their vanity, and
ministered to their voluptuousness, so fatally for these
descendants of the renowned Genghis, that they were
driven from the throne of Pekin in 1369, back to their
Siberian abodes, where we find them afterwards en-
gaged in /conflicts with Timur Bee. " The various
turns of fate below^ offer nothing more surprising-
ly striking than that of the Moguls. The last king of

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 21

Mexicans having had any connexion, or even
the slightest knowledge of each other: for al-
though Cortez arrived at Yukatan in February
1519, there does not appear the least reason to
conclude that when Pizarro and others landed in
Peru, in 1536, sudi extraordinary beings as they
were deemed, had ever been heard of before.

When these Mongols arrived, America, we
shall see, was in the rudest condition. Sud-
denly, two empires are founded with the pomp,
ceremonies, and grandeur, of Asiatic sove-
reigns*: atchitecture, that rivalled the stupen-
dous works of the Romans; elegance in the
arts of goldsmiths, surpassing the most delicate
works of Europeans; order, justice, and subor-
dination : all of whose laws, military and civil

Mexico was executed by Cortez in 1525 (p. 131, the
date is erroneously stated to be 1523); and Baber
mounted the throne of Hindostan in that year. Pizarro
first landed in Peru in 1526; and Baber, with a very
inferior force, gained a victory over a powerful and dan-
gerous confederacy in that same yeietr, by which he se-
cured the empire of Hindostan !

• The opinion of the writer is, that Mango Capac,
the first Inca of Peru, was a son of the Grand Khan
Kublai, and that Montezuma's ancestor was a Mongol
grandee firom Tangut, very possibly Assam.

Digitized by

Google

2fl INTRODUCTION.

institations^ religion, and customs, are so faitb*
fill in every respect to those of Genghis Khan's
fiEunily, that their descent cannot for a moment
be doubted. The Bogotans, the Natchez, and
the people of Talomeco on the Ohio, all bear
the strongest proofs of the same origin. All
the ancient entrenchments and inscriptions dis-
covered in America, as &r as Narraganset Bay
near Boston, are, there is every probability, of
Mongol origin. How many of the invaders
of Japan may have reached the new world,
can never be known; but by the evidence in
this volume, the number must have been
considerable. Most of the places peopled
by these Mongols have traditions regarding
conflicts with giants, (elephants). Bones of
elephants and mastodontes are found in those
very places, under such circumstances as to
leave no doubt of the Mongols having been
accompanied by numbers of those animals.
The condition of these bones corresponds with
the date; and the molar teeth of several of the
elephants are precisely the same as those found
in Siberia, which had been entirely conquered
by the Mongols, and where a number of G^ig-

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 23

his Kliai^g gxattdsons^ had^ at the period we
treat of» resided above fifty years.

Wild elepliaiits are found near Bogota^ the
probable descandants of those which accompa-
nied the expedition; for had these animals been
indigenous in America, they could not foQ to
exist there now in very great numbers.

The unfortunate fanaticism of the first Span-
ish priests induced them to destroy all the an-
nals and records which they could find in Ame-
rica. But for this barbarous proceeding, the
history of the Mexicans would^ from their
paintings called hieroglyphics, have been per-
fect. To add to the confusion, the &bles and
mysterious traditions of the Mexican and other
priests survived the literal annals of the go-
vernments, and are confounded with the true
records. In these researches they have been
in general considered as mere tricks, such as
are known to be practised by the Buddists in
Tangut, Thibet, and Mongolia. Mliqever
teeats them otherwise, will surely find, that

Fables of Lamas, ** are hard things to Int^
In them, ** no*meamng puzMles mare than wUJ"

Digitized by

Google

24 INTRODUCTION.

After the arrival of the Spaniards in America,
their astonishment, their exaggerations, and
their quarrels among themselves produced such
inisrepresentations, that while one reports the
people in the city of Mexico to amount to
60,000, another says, there was that number of
houses.

Although the population of the new^ world
was then estimated to consist of about forty
millions. Las Casas charges his countrymen
with having massacred more than that number*.

* Bartholomew De Las Casas was bom at Seville,
in 1474. In 1498 he went to America, and returned
to Spain in 1498; when he became an ecclesiastic, and
rector of Zaguarama in Cuba : in 1544, he was appointed
to be Bishop of Cliiapa in Mexico ; in 1551 he returned
to Spain, and died in 15G6, aged 92.

This humane Spaniard describes the Indians as a
gentle and tractable race ; but his outrageous exagger-
atbns make it impossible to know how much to credit
of his narrative ; he enumerates millions massacred in
Honduras, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico, Hispaniola,
600,000 in Jamaica, &c. *^ I take God,** says he, " in
vritness of this, and all the hierarchies and thrones of
angels, and all the saints of the heavenly court, and all
men living. I also discharge my conscience by. declar-
ing that if his Majesty should grant the repartiementos

Digitized by

Google

INfRODOOnoM. 3S

One Spaniard estimates the homaB sacrifices
on the completion of MontezUmaTa temple^ at
72J344f, while another declares Mhe greatest
number of sacrifices in one year not to exceed

(shares of land) to the Spaniards, the Indies in a shdri
space, will be a desert Uke Hispaniola*** It is diO(&iQg
to reflect that this Tirtuoos Protector qf the Indtan^^
was betrayed by his ardour into the inconsistency of
proposing to purchase negroes; as slaves, to wo^ the
jidaes, a»d euklvate Hie gfovnd; whieh to deebmd ia
beiaw&l* His pJbnbdog adopted, Charles Y. granted
a patent to a Flemiug for importing 4000 negroes into
America; this man sold his privilege to some Genoese
mevdianis, fer £5,000 dueals: sueh was the ori^pn of
that afBicting traffic: and in 1593, Sir Richard Haw^r
kins reports (Purchas, YpL v. 948) that there were
100,000 negroes at Lima.

Sepulveda, a Spanidi dtvfaie, wrote a joafificalionr
of the wars against the Indians. He requested per-
mission of the Royal Council to print it/but they vir-
tuously refiised. They regarded the subject rather as
theological than political, and refeired it to the Univ^^
sities of Alcala and Salamanca, who both pronounced
that it ought not to be committed to the press. The
fanatical author being determined to carry his point,
sent his book to Ronie,.where it was pcinted: but the
humane Ehnperor prohibited its circulation. — See Pur-
chas, iv. pp. 1568, 1601. Rees's Cyc. '' Cascu.'* " Se-
pHUDedaJ*

Digitized by

Google

26 INTHODUCnON.

100. If w« add to tluBtliedMtnictioiiofaH
tke reoordt tliEt could be procured* and the
loBS of the ship which Cortez sent to Charles V.
contaimag the most oarioQS prodnctioiis of the
Mexican artisans*, some idea may be formed
of the scarcity and imperfection of the mate-
rifdB fn the construction of such an essay as
tiie present.

. From the uncertain and fluctuating nature
cftlieiaiigiiages in Mongolia, and in America^
ttttempts to prove &cts by etymological simila-
rities, have been avoided as much as possible.

The spelling of Spanidi and Indian namea
in tUs volume, may not always exactly corres-
pond with that of Spanish authors ; the writer,
not being acquainted with their language, has
made use of French or English translations.

Whenever the word Indian occurs, it must
be considered to mean American Indians: this
general name being applied without distinction
to the most civilized as well as to the most sa-
vage inhabitants, in many instances completely

» Robertson, Vol. ii. 285.

Digitized by

Google

INTtOBUCTIOM 27

confineethe'notioiisofihereadecy who is not
on bis gnard: it is one of thenameroiis diffi*
cnlties in elucidating the history.

The early annals of the Peruvians and Mex-
icans^ not being known in any degree to com*
mond confidence^ have not been dwelt on;
whenever any details were required^ the writer
has preferred the latest which be coidd meet
wWl

Thereareno known human establishments or
antiquities, in all America, that can justify the
conclusion of a very ancient population : but who
win venture to guess, what may be discovered in
art or in nature, in those vast regions, when, in
the comparatively small Island of the most mar
ritime nation on the globe, the cave of Fingal,
one of the most wonderful natural curiosities
in the world, existed undiscovered by any one
who could describe it, till Mr. Leach gave Sir
Joseph Banks a hint, which induced him^ in
company with the learned bishop Yan Troil,
on their return from Iceland, in 1772, to visit
Staffa. ^ What,** says Sir Joseph, ^ are cathe-

Digitized by

Google

28 INTRODUCTION.

drals and pakces^ built by men^ but mere play-
things^ compared with this : where is now the
boast of the architect ♦?•*

If w6 add to these considerations the jea-
lousy of Spain, and her complete success in pre-
venting her natural subjects, both in Europe
and America, from any intercourse that wouM
throw light on the history of nature or of manf :
and also the care with which the Indians hide
everything they can from their conquerors;
we may even now consider that portion of
America as an infismt world, notwithstanding the
partial sunshine recently thrown on it, by the
efforts of a truly enlightened traveller.

* Pennant's Scotland, Vol. ii. 299.

t Mr. Bullock says, in his description of ancient
Mexico, p. 43, that, " with Baron Humboldt's circum-
stantial account of the group of the pyramids of Teotihu-
acan, eight leagues from Mexico, in his hand, he could
obtain no information of them in Mexico. Some of the
best informed had heard of them, but supposed that
Baron H. had been imposed on. All inquiries on the
road were ineffectual, till, at the end of the second day's
search, he «aiD them towering above the woods of Nopal;
and the platforms were perfectly visile at the distance
of two miles. On the top of that of the Moon, they

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 29

J. Rebihold Forster, in his History of Dis-
coveries made in the North, Vol. iv. p. 48^ men^
tions his suspicion, that the kingdoms ot Peru
and Mexico were founded by the troops sent
by Kublai to subdue Japan. There may also
have been otiiers of that opinion, but not any
have been met with by the writer.

Those who have other convictions in their
minds^ regarding the subject of this volume,
utSi, as is natural, hesitate to admit the full suc-
cess of the author in his endeavours to decide
upon the hitherto mysterious origin of the Mex-
icans and Peruvians in particular: but if his
success be not allowed to be complete, he feels
perfectly assured, that he has found out the
true road, which is to lead to the perfection of
that knowledge, as far as history exists to pro-
mote future endeavours.

(bund a raiall temple iriiich had had a door and wia-
.dows. Within half a mile, was the great pyramid of
the Sun, scarcely inferior to that near Cairo; and be-
tipeen them, hundreds of small ones laid out like regu-
lar streets. From the top, he enjoyed the sublhne
prospect of the Lake, of the city of Mexico, and great
part of the magnificent Valley."

Digitized by

Google

90 INTRODUCTION.

The writer of the present work takes this
occasion to acknowledge his obligations to the
extensive library of the Royal Institntion.

The learned societies at Philadelphia and
other cities in the United States of North Ame-
rica, are those who have it most in their power
to give active assistance, in procuring copies of
the various Tartar inscriptions, in all parts
of America, where they are known to exist.—*
By comparing them with each other, and with
the literature of Asia, much very curious and
interesting information cannot fail to be ac-
quired*. The infimt States of Mexico, Colom-
bia, and Peru, when at leisure from more im-
portant and urgent affidrs, will not fail to parti-
cipate in the curiosity excited by this new

* In that Research, the human bones o/remarkabte
dimeniums, which have been found eight nules firom
St. Clair, on the river Huron, are worthy of more pat*
ticular notice: also the valley six miles west of St.
Louis, the soil of which is full of the bones of men and
animati : likewise the inscriptiom snd Jigures of anir
,maU at Big-Manaton Creek; all of which are men*
tioned by Mr. Warden, the late consul at Paris, in his
Vol. iii. pp. 77, 154, 680.

Digitized by

Google

INTRODUCTION. 31

view of the origin of those interesting nations
of the earth.

May the arduous task in which the legis-
lators of those important regions are engag-
ed, be crowned with success; may they not
forget that religious toleration and civil jus-
tice are the bases on which the happiness
and dignity of human society must mainly de-
pend ! They have the recorded virtues and the
numerous errors of the ancient world, to serve
them as a guide and as a beacon. The chfldren
of the Sun, illiterate as they w^re, proved, in
many instances, by their laws and regulations,
that—

^ Ewperience,j(nned with common seMe,
^ To mortals M a Providence/"

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

HISTORICAL RESEARCHES,

^C. ^. ^«

CHAPTER I.

Invasion ofJapah by the Mongols. Afu--

rumsStortn^ and Failure of the Expedition.

Size and Construction of Chinese

Ships. JVinds in the Pacific Ocean.

IN the year 1257 of the Christian era^ Kublai^
grandson of Genghis Khan^ on the death of his
brother Mangu, was' proclaimed Grand Khan
of the Moguls and Tartars. At the conquest
of Eastern Bengal and all the provinces east<
ward of the Burrampooter^ he captured nume-
rous elephants, and subjected many sovereigns
to deliver to him numbers of those animals as

Digitized by

Google

34 CONQUEST OF ALL CHINA . [CA. /•

a part of their tribute; and, from the year 1272^
always employed elephants in his armies. We
find from Marco Polo that he possessed five
thousand of these animals^ at the period we
now treat of. The wars in which the emperor
was engaged before his attempt on Japan^ were
those in Mangi or South China, and against
his rebellious relation in Siberia.

In the year 1280^ in a most terrible conflict
by land and sea at Canton, the imperial family
of the Song dynasty were destroyed; on which
Kublai became master of all China, and first
emperor of the Twen dynasty, under the name
ofShi-tsu*

At this epoch, Kublai was in possession of
a more extensive domination, and infinitely
greater numbers of subjects, than were ever
controlled by any monarch recorded in histo*
ry; his empire being much more considerable
than that of Augustus. The continent of
Asia, except Hindostan and Arabia, was under
his sway. Of him it may be said with more

♦ See Du Halde, Vol. i. p. 213. Marco Polo, pp. 329,
444. Wars and Sports, Ch. ii.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. /.] SIX HUNDRED SHIPS BUILT. 36

troth than the British king is made to say of
Caesar — *' His ambition swelled so much^ that
** it did ahnost stretch the sides of the world *•**
As soon as Kublai found himself possessed
of the whole power of the Chinese empire^ he
resolved on the conquest of Japan, and '^ gare
^ orders to his subjects of Kiang-nan^ Fokien^
** H<man^ and Chantong, to construct six hun-
*' dred vessels f***

ThefoUowing are the Accounts of the Invasion
Jrom various Authorities.

*^ The emperor Shi-tsu, (Kublai)^ in the
third year of his reign^, formed a design against
Japan, and sent one hundred thousand men to
invade it. But the expedition proved very un-
fortunate^ not above three or four persons re-
turning home with the news: all the rest were

* Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
t Note 1139 in Marco Polo.
X According to the Chinese mode of reckonings this
is in the year \2Sa.~See Du Halde, Vol i. p. 214.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

86 INVASION OF JAPAN FROM [CA. /•

either shipwrecked, of perished in the neigh-
bouring islands."" — Du Halde^ Vol. I. p. 216,

'' The Japanese emperor, Gouda, succeeded
his father, A. D. 1275, In the ninth year of
his reign, on the twenty-first day of the fifth
month, the Tartar general, Mooko, appeared
upon the coasts of Japan, with a fleet of four
thousand sail, and two hundred and forty
thousand men, sent by the Tartar emperor to
subdue Japan. But this expedition proved
unsuccessful. The Cami, or gods and protect-
ors of the Japanese empire, were so incensed
at the insult offered them by the Tartars, that>
on the first day of the seventh month, they
excited a violent and dreadful storm, which
destroyed all this reputed invincible armada.
Mooko himself perished in the waves, and but
few of his men escaped.*" — K€Bmjfef^8 History
qfJapaUy p. 187.

# # « «

** For the conquest of Japan, the Grand
Khan fitted out a numerous fleet, and embark-

Digitized by

Google

CA./.] THE CELESTIAL CITY. 37

ed a large bo^ of troops under the command
of Abbacatan and Yonsansin*. The expedi-
tion sailed from Zaitunf and KinsaiJ, and
reached the island in safety. The two com-
manders, from jealousy, treated each other's
plans with contempt. They wore unable to
gain possession of any city or fortified place

* Meaning, probably. Abaca Khaii, a Moi^^qI; and
Vang-san-chin, a Chinese. Amiot speaks of Fang*
ouen-hou as commander, and adds the name of Tsin-
fim-tcdieng. De Gkiines names them Hargan and Atap
haL — M. Polo, note 1140.

t This is most probably Tstten-cheu> in Fokien, as
is conjectured in note 1110, in Marsden's Marco Polo.
*^ In 1£86^ ninety-nine foroign vessels, from countries
treated as tributary, Bei^l, Ceylon, &c. arrived at
Twen^hu-fu, in Fokien."— Aforf. Univ. Hut. Vol II.
p. 887.

i '' Kinsai signiaes ' The Celestial City,.*^ and which
it merits from its pre»«minenoe above all others in the
world. There are twelve thousand bridges across the
numerous canals. There are twelve principal handi-
craft trades, for each of which there are a thousand
woric-shops, each shop employing from ten to twenty
workmen, and some as many as forty. A garrison of
thirty thousand soldiers is constantly supported in this
astonidiing city. The palace' of king Fanfur was in-
closed with high walls. At a grand feast, might be
seen under the colonnade, at one time^ ten diousand

Digitized by

Google

aw FURIOUS TEMPEST, AND [CA.A

except one, which was carried by assault; and
an the garrison were put to the sword.

'' Some time afterwards a mnrth wind began
to blow with great force^ and the diips of the
Tartars, which hiy near the shore of the island^
were driven fonl of each other. They h^ a
eouncil, re-embarked thehr troops, and stood oat

persons suitably accommodated. The feast lasted ten
days, and the magnificence displayed on this occasion
exceeded all imagination." The population of this ci*
ty, it appears, could not be less than about three mit
IionS| and perhaps immensely more. — See Marco Polo,
B. ii. Chm Ixviii. where the account of this wonder
of the world occupies thirty-five pages.

** Kinsai, now Hangcheu, if we correct in some
things what Marco Polo says of it, comes not much
short of die greatness he assigns it: for what he says
of tiie number of Inridges tiiat are to be seen there, is
very certain, if we comprehend those which are about
the city; as also the triumphal arches, which being
Vaulted, are numbered among the bridges. There are
in the city fifteen thousand priests, and sixty thousand
persons who work in nlk*'^ — Sir John MandeUlo, in ike
Ambassador's Travels, in 1639, p. 178. Thb is a very
respectable autiior,. and the above is another valua-
ble testimony of die truth of Marco Polo. It must
be remembered, that Polo describes Kinsai when it
was* the capital, more than three centuries before
Mandelslo was tiiere*

Digitized by

Google

Ci./.] FAILUBB OF THE EXPEDITION. 80

to sea. The gale increased, and a number of
the vessels foundered : the people belonging to
them, by floating upon pieces of the wrecks
sayed th^nsdyes^ upon an island about four
miles from the coast of Japan. The ships on
which the two chiefis^ and those officers whose
rank entitled them to the command of a hun*
dred thousand or ten thousand men^ were emr
barked, together with many others, not being
so near the land, did not suffer from the storm;
these directed their course homeward, and re*
turned to the Grand Khan. Those of the Tar-
tars who remained on tiie island where they
woe wrecked, and who amounted to about thir-
ty thousand, found themselves abandoned, and
without shipping, arms, or provisions, orev^i
didter, and expected to be captured or put to
death. "When the gale had ceased, a large force
of Japanese landed on the island: the Tartars
concealed themselves from view by some high
land, ai|d when the Japanese came in pursuit
of them, they made a circuit, seissed all the ves-
sels, and stood for the principal city of Japan.

Digitized by

Google

40 CONFUSED HISTORIES. [<7A./.

They kept the Japanese cohmrs flying, and
were suffered to enter unmolested. They
found few inhabitants besides women, whom
they retained, but drove out the rest. The
king besieged the city closely Tor six months,
when the Tartars surrendered on condition of
their lires being spared. This was in the
year 1264*.

'' The Grand Khan having learned, some
years after, that the unfortunate issue of the exi-
pedidon was in consequoice of the dissection
between the commanders, ordered one of them
to be beheaded, and the other to be sent to the
savage island of Zorza, where he was executed
by being wrapped in a fresh buffalo hide, sew-
ed tight upon him over both arms, which> as
it dries, compresses the miserable criminal to

* The date in the abore is conjectured to be an. er*
ror of some of the editors of Marco Polo. His mis-
takes in the narrative are supposed tp have arisen from
the persons about the court of Kublai having invent-
ed tales of partial success to amuse the pubUc, and
weaken the impression of so serious a disaster. — See
note 1 144 in Marsden's Edition of M. Polo.

Digitized by

Google

CA./.] CONFUSED HISTORIES. 41

deathr —Mmreo Rdo, JSook iil Cku. The
above are the essential extracts from a, long

account.

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

** In the year 1381^ (says Pere AHUot^ the
courier which the Chinese general sent to
the emperor, arrived id court in. the third
moon. He brought accounts that the aimy>
after leaving Corea, adived at the Isle of
Kiu-tchi^ then at the Isle of Toui-ma, where
they leatned that the Japanese^ after remain-
ing in great £Mroe hear the city oi Tai-rtscu-fou,
had withdrawn their troops, not expecting y^t
to be attacked. Towardii tbe.e^th mciDQ.the
sad hews arrived, that tiie army, on its apr
pfoach to Japan, had mi^t with a furipui^ tern-:
pest, imd that out of tea p^iisons scarcely oni^
or two had escaped from the waves^ Father
Gaubil has confounded this shipwrecked expe-
dition of a hundred thousand men with th€(
project of another which was intended to have
been sent under Atahai, but which did not
take place. Gaubil describes the fleet as be-
ing within sight of Ping-hou, (Firando), when

Digitized by

Google

42 CONFUSED HISTORIES* [CA,/.

the storm arose; but tibe Chinese historian
says, it was near Ou-loungchan. Possibly, the
Chinese give that name to some mountain on
the island of Ping-hou. Gaubil says, that the
Japsmese ci^tured seventy thousand Coreims
or Chinese, and killed thirty thousand Moor
gobd The historian which I have consulted,
says no more than that they were almost all of
t^em drowned in the t&mpeatJ'—p. 74.

^^ In I'Histoire gen de la Chine, t. ix. p. 409,
the following account is given, which differs
from thd above, and from the other Chinese
relations. — In the sixth mocm, A. D. 1281,
Alahan set out on the expedition to Japan^
but he died before he embarked. Atahai, who
was appointed to succeed him^ did not reach
the port till after the fleet had sailed. A storm
arose near Ping-hou, and most of the vessels
were sunk. The officers selected those that
were least damaged, embarked in them, and left
more than one hundred thousand men in that
island. The soldiers, finding themselves thus

Digitized by

Google

C*./.] CONFUSED HISTORIES. 43

basely deserted, elected a chief/and began cut-
ling wood to constract vessels in which they
might return home. But the Japanese made a
descent on the island with a powerful army, and
put them to the sword, except ten or twelve
thousand Chinese of the south provinces, whom
tiiey retained as slaves. Of all this mighty
army only about three persons returned to
China ♦*** — See Marsden's M. Polo^ note 1 144.

* The Reader will perceive, that it was the obvious
policy of the ChiiieBe to report the numbers lost on
this disastrous expedition as low as possible; and that
the Japanese, on the other hand, would naturally boast
of having been menaced by, and escaped from, an ar-
my greater than it really wa^. If Pere Amiot's ac-
count, that an army sailed also from Corea, be true, it
would bring the number of the invaders to agree, near-
ly, widi the annals of Japan, It is probable, from this
confusion in the histories of China, that the munber of
troops was very considerably above a hundred thou-
sand; and we shall see, from the construction of the
ships, how possible it is that a great number of them
might reach the shores of America.

Digitized by

Google

44 SHIPS WITH FOUR MASTS. [CA. /•

Sis6e and Construction of Chinese Ships.

^* Fourteen ships of four masts^ and some
of them with a crew of two hundred and fifty
men, were equipped and provisioned for two
years, for the voyage to Persia. They em-
barked in the Pe-ho river, or possibly from
Zaitun; and, passing by the island of Hai-nan,
they kept along the coast of Cochin-china, to
Tsiampa, which Marco Polo had previously
visited in the year 1280.'' — Marsderis Intro-
duction^p. xiii.

"The Chinese ships have a single deck, be-
low which the space is divided into about six-
ty small cabins, each affording accommodation
for one merchant. They have a good helm.
Some of the larger ships have, besides the
cabins, thirteen bulk heads, or divisions in the
hold, formed of thick planks mortised or rab-
beted. The object of these is to guard against
springing a leak, caused by striking a rock, or
by a blow from a whale, which not unfrequent-

Digitized by

Google

Ck. /.] CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOLDS. 46

I7 occurs. When an accident does happen,
only one of the divisions is affected by the
water. The ships are all double planked;
that is, they have a course of sheathing boards
laid over the planking in every part. Ships of
the largest size require a crew of three hun-
dred men.^ — See Marco Polo^ Booh iii. Ch. i.
and note 1128.

^^ It is impossible not to consider the no-
tices given by Marco Polo, as curious, inter-
esting, and valuable, and as far as they regard
the empire of China, they bear internal evi-
dence of their being generally correct He
sailed from China in a fleet of fourteen ships,
each having four masts, and having their holds
partitioned into separate chambers. We ob-
served many hundreds of a larger description,
that are employed in foreign voyages, all carry-
ing four masts.** — Barrow* s Travels in China,
p. 45. and see M. Polo, note 60.

The size of Chinese vessels must be very
considerable. *' In February last, a Chinese
Junk arrived from the province of Quangtong,
at Sincapore, which brought eight hundred and

Digitized by

Google

46 SAILS. CABLES. ROPES. [CA./.

seventy emigrants. On the 2d of March an-
other from the same place arrived with one
thousand and fifty." — Observer Newspaper, Sep.
10, 1826.

Junk is said in Todd's Dictionary to be, pro-
bably, an Indian word, applied to large and
small ships. ^ The ship or Junk that usually '
goes from Surat to Moka is of an exceeding
great burthen; some of them I believe four-
teen or fifteen hundred tons or more, but those
huge vessels are very ill built." — Terras Voyage
to the East Indies, 1665, p. 137.

The writer regrets that he has forgotten in
what history he has read a description of the
manner in which large vessels were constructed
in these parts of the world, for the safe and easy
mode of shipping and conveying elephants:
the side was made to open, so that the beasts
walked in upon an even platform.

Ik describing a Chinese ship, Du Halde,
Vol. i. pp^ 328, 330, says, " The main and
foresail were both made oimaits: the first was

Digitized by

Google

Ch.1.^ MONSOONS. 47

forty-five feet high, and twenty^nine broad*
This sort of sail folds and unfolds like a skreen;
when they haul it down, they fold the plates
one after another. All the tackling, as well as
the cables, are made ofratan cane, or the hards
of the cocoa tree, called by the Portuguese
Cairo." (The bamboo ropes are three hundred
paces long, and are as strong as those made of
hemp. Marco Polo^ B. ii. C%. Ixii.)

^ The cables of the Japanese vessels, are
made of straw twisted, and are stronger than
one could imagine. The decks are defended
from rain by being covered with common straw
matts." — KiBrnpfeffp. 410.

On Winds, Monsoons and Storms.

" Thb shifting of the Monsoons is not all at
once ; and in some places the time of change
is attended with calms, in others with variable
winds; and particularly those of C!hitiay at
ceasing to be westerly, are very subject to be
tempestuous; and such is their violence, that

Digitized by

Google

48 STORMS. [CA./.

they seem to be of the nature of the West In-
dia hurricanes. These tempests, the seamen
call, the breakmg up of the monsoons. They
blow half the year one way, and the other half
year on the opposite points : and those points
and times of shifting difibr in different parts
of the ocean.** — Ree^s Cyc. " Monsoon.''

*' In the China seas the north-east or win*
ter monsoon, commences about the month of
October or November, and lasts till about
February or Mavch: the south-west monsoon
sets in about April or May, and blows till
August or September.** — Note 1164, m Mars-
den's Marco Polo.

" In the year 1642 three Portuguese made
their escape from Siam in a junk, and directed
their course to Liampo, in Lat. 30^ ; but there
fell such a storm upon their stem, that in a
few days they were blown to within sight of
Japan.** — AntomeGalvano's Discoveries. Hak-
Ittyt, Vol. iv. p. 48.

The whole voyage from Manilla to Acalpul-
co, including the detention at the latter place.

Digitized by

Google

CA./.] TRADE WINDS. SHORT VOYAGE. 49

till the arrival of the Galleon back at Manilla^
takes up about eleven months. — See Rees*9
Cyc. *' GaOean.''

^* The Manilla Galleons are restricted by
their instructions from going beyond N. Lat*
30°; but if they were to stand to the 40ih or
45th degree^ they would procure water from
the rains, which are generally regular from the
30tli to the 40th degrees; and moreover they
would find the trade winds in their &vour. A
French ship, in 1 721, by pursuing such a course,
arrived from China atValle de Nanderas on
the coast of Mexico, in Jj/iy dajfs.^—Memarks
an Lord Ansoris Voyage^ hy Miguel Venegas,
a Mexican Jesuit, in his History qf Caljfomia,
Svo. London, 1759, Vol. ii. p. 364.

It appears to have been in consideration of
the storms, that the ships were built in such a
manner, that they could with difficulty be sunk
by leaks: and these stonns also caused the
constructing of the great canal by Kublai.

'' The Emperor Kublai, in consequence of
the frequent loss of a great number of ves-
sels laden with tribute, caused the Great

£

Digitized by

Google

50 IMMENSE POWER OF KUBLAI. [ChJ.

Canal to be made. It is three hundred leagues
in length.*'— Dw Halde, Vol. i. p. 215.

Tribute was brought from many parts of the
world. ^ In September 1286^ the Mandarins of
Fokien reported to the Emperor, that ships
were arrived from ninety-nine foreign kingdoms
at Twen-chu-fu. These kingdoms are treated
as tributary, but only eight are mentioned in
history, and under names unknown to Euro-
peans« Those spoken of here are Malacca, Su*
matra, Penko-la or Bengal, and from Cape
Comorin to the Persian Gulf, Ceylon, Tingor,
and Sanem-Soumenat." — Mod. Univ. Hist. Vol.
ii. p. 387. M. Poh, note 1206.

Note. — ^We jnay reasonably conclude, that the invad-
ing ships would be abundantly supplied with provisions,
in case of protracted war, or repulse from the shores of
Japan. Elephants, if landed, there not being any in Ja-
pan, would have mainly contributed to the conquest ; and
there is no number that Kublai had it not in his power
to send for the achievement of so grand an enterprise.
Resides the great numbers received in tribute, the pro-
vinces of Yunan and Quangsi contain those animals in
a wild state. — Du Halde, ii. 224. " Ships are drawn
along the river Kiang-keou by elephants.*' — Vincent le
BlmncpAOS.

Digitized by

Google

51

CHAPTER II.

Strangers, mth Elephants^ arrive on the

Coast of Peru. --Their Cruelty and

Brutality. Terror of the Natives.

Mango and his Wife appear at a Lake^
and are received as Sovereigns.--^ — Sketch
of the History of the Incas to the Con^
quest by Pizarro. Corpses of the In-
cas. Their mild Character and Man--

ners. Language. Quipos.

City of Cuzco. Temple of the Sun.

Magnificent Establishments for the

Virgins of the Sun. Laws. Ex^

tent of the Empire. Its Duration.

1 SHALL relate,** says Grarcillasso de la
Vega, *' what Pedro de Cieza de Leon told
me that he had heard in the province where
the giants arrived. They affirm, said he, in
all Peru, that certain giants came ashore on

B2

Digitized by

Google

52 ELEPHANTS LANDED IN PERU. [ChJl.

this coast*^ at the Cape^ now called St Helen's,
which is near the town of Puerto Viejo.
Those who have preserved this tradition from
father to son, say, that these giants came by
sea, in a kind of rush boats, made like krge
barks; (bateaux de joncf, Jiuts comme de
grandes barques); that they were so enormous-
ly tall, that from the knee downward, they were
as high as common men; that they had long
hair, which hung loose upon their shoulders ;
that their eyes were as large as plates, and that
other parts of their bodies were big in propor-
tion; that they had no beard, that some went
naked, others were covered with the skins of wild
beasts, and that they had no women with them.

* The country was named Peru by accident: this was
the name of the first Indian seen by the Spaniards;
who, on being asked what country it was, mistook their
meaning, and replied^ that his name was Peru. — Vega,
VolA.pAS.

t The Reader is referred to the description of Chi-
nese and Japanese vessels in Ch* I.j and he will then
not fail to remark what an important word jonc is in
the mass of proofs of the identity of the Mongols and
the Incas.

Digitized by

Google

Ch.IL] TERRIFIED INHABITANTS. 53

After having landed at the Cape, they estab-
lished themselves at a spot pointed out to
them by the inhabitants, and dug very deep
wells through the rock, and which to this day
supply excellent water. These giants lived by
rapine, and desolated the whole country; they
say, that they were such gluttons, that one would
eat as much meat as fifty of the native inhabit-
ants; and that for a part of thar nourishment
they caught a quantity offish with nets. They
massacred the men of the neighbouring parts
without mercy, and killed the^ women by their
brutal violations. The wretched Indians often
tried to devise some means to rid themselves
of these troublesome visitors, but they never
had either sufficient force or courage to attack
them^. Secure from all apprehension, these

* The elephants would, no doubt, be defended by
ttieir usual armour on such an extraordinary occasion,
and the space for the eyes would appear monstrous.
The remark about the beards, &c. (many of the Mon-
gols have no beards — Rees's Cyc. " Mongols." Strah-
lenbergf p» 458) shows, that the man and the elephant
were considered as one person. It is a new and cu-
rious/oAo edition of the Centaurs and the Lapithse;

Digitized by

Google

54 BONES OF ELEPHANTS. [CA.f/.

new BHmBten thos tyrannfjEed for a long whil^
committing the most infamous enormities.
Divine justice sent fire from heaven with a
great noise, and an angel armed with a flaming
sword, by whom they were destroyed at one
blow. To serve as an eternal monument of
the vengeance of God, their bones and skulls
were not ccmsumed by tiie fire, but are found
at t^e very place, of an enormous size. I have
heard Spaniards say, that they have seen bits
of their teeth, by which they judged that a
tooth weighed more than half a pound. As
for the rest, it is not known from what place
they came, nor by what route they arrived.

** I learned this year, (1550), when I was at
the Yille des Rois, (Lima), that during the
viceroyalty of Don Antony Mendoza, in New-
Spain, bones had been found there of a still
greater size than the above mentioned. I al$o
heard that, in the city of Mexico ^ some had been
found in an old sepulchre; and also in ^mother

and we cannot wonder that, on such a novel occasion,
Cape St. Helen's did not produce an American The-
seus.

Digitized by

Google

C*.//.] RUDE STATE OF PERU. 56

place in the same kingdom. We may infer
from this, that these giants have existed, and
that what authors have written about them is
not fabulous ^. Another wonderful thing is,
that at Cape St. Helen's there are springs of
liquid pitch, which is fit for the purposes of
ship-building f.**

Paru, like the rest of the new world, was
originally possessed by small independent tribes,
differing from each other in manners and in
their forms of rude policy. All, however, are
said to have been so little civilized that they
must be classed among the most unimproved
savages of America, roaming about naked in
the forests^.

They were still in this state, when, we
are told, there appeared on the banks of the

* The above relation has naturally enough been con-
sidered by Robertson and others as a ridiculous fable;
and which any reader would be inclined to treat as
such, were it not accounted for by the invasion of Ja-
pan, and the very numerous and convincing proofs of
the identity of the Mongols and the Incas, which will
be shown.

t Vega, B. ix. Ch. ix. $ Robertson^ Vol.ii. p. 164,

Digitized by

Google

v^

5ti APPEARANCE OF MANGO CAPAC [CA.7/.

lake Titiaca^ a man and woman of majestic
form, and clothed in decent garments* They
were persons of excellent shape and beauty,
and t}i6 dresses they wore were siich as contiim-'
ed afterwards the mmul habits of the Ineas, by
which title they described themselves. The
names of these personages were Mango*, who
afterwards received from his subjects the title
of* Capacj" which means sole Emperor, spl6n-
didj rich in virtue f; and that of liiji wife, who
is said to have been his sister^ was Coya
Mama Oella HuacoJ.

Mango and Coya Mama told the first people
who came about them, that they were children
of the sun and moonj and that their father,
taking pity of the miserable condition of man-
kind, had sent them to reclaim them from their
savage lives, to give them laws, teach them

♦ Sir William Temple, Vol. iii. p, 337.

t Garcillasso de la Vega, Book i. Chap. xxvi.

X Garcillasso, Book i. Chap. xxt. Coya Mama
means Empress Mother. See also Carli, Vol. i. p. 197«
The appellation MSamanchic wbs also given to the Em-
press, as the motherly protector of her subjects.— Gor-
cillasso, B. i. Ch. xxvi.

Digitized by

Google

EMP£RORS of FEKU.

Ser f?. IS6

Maixll.p.56,

LLOqUE IfUTPANQini ,Mc

^oogle

n.xf.-^.j iu:,m.,i .■'K t.>^7

Digitized by

Google

Ch. 11. '\ FOUNDATION OF CUZCO. 57

morality, and to worship the Snn, who gave
life to all creatures, and makes the plants and
herbs grow for the use of mankind; and in
fine, that they were expressly sent to rule them
for their benefit and happmess, with the same
care and goodness with which their great &ther
ruled the world*.

Mango had in his hand a rod of gold, two
fingers thick, and half an ell in length. — Vega,
B. i. p. 63f • He said that his father, the Sun,
had given it to him, and told him that when
he travelled northward from the lake, when-
ever he rested, he was to strike the rod down
into the ground; and where, at the first stroke,
it should go down to the top, on that spot
he should build a temple, to the Sun, and fix
the seat of his government. This happen*

* See Garcillasso, Book i. Chap. xvii. Sir WilUam
Temple, VoL iiu Robertson, Vol. ii. pp. 164, 306.

t In Kaindu, next to Thibet, which was ravaged by
the Grand Khan Mangu, brother to Kubhd — " Their
gold is formed into small rods, and, being cut into cer-
tain lengths, passes as money, according to its weight."
— Marco Polo, p. 4^, Japan gold was also in a long
form. — Purchas, VoL y. p* 600.

Digitized by

Google

58 CTVIL INSTITUTIONS. [C*.//.

ed in the vale of Curca*, where he founded
that city, as the capital of his kingdmn.

He divided his company into two colonies,
and called one High, and the other Low Cus-
co; in each of these were at first a thousand
fiunilies, which he caused to be registered by
quipos, or strings of several colours, with knots of
several kinds and colours upon them ; which was
all that was required in a government where
there were neither letters^money^ nor disputes.

Mango instituted Decurians, one^over every
ten families, one over every fifty, one over a
hundred, one over five hundred, and one over
a thousand ; the last was called Curaca or Go-
vernor. They were censors, patrons, and judges
in small controversieii Idleness was punished
with stripes. Each colony bad a supreme
judge. Every man had one lawful wife, with
the liberty of keeping other women. Theft,
murders, disobedience to officers, and adul-

* Near a hill called Huanacauti, a little to the south
of CuBCO. — Garciltasw, B. i. Ch. xvi. Mango's ad-
mirable artifice was, probably, to avoid being detected
as one of the terrible giant party.

Digitized by

Google

C*.//.] AGRICULTURE INTRODUCED. , 59

tery* were punished chiefly with deaths in
order not to leave a bad man more incensed
or necessitated to commit new crimes. A
son's possessions were never forfeited for his
fiither'B offences. These laws had so good ah
eflbct, l^at sometimes a year passed without
one execution.

Mango Capac taught his subjects to sow
Maizef at certain seasons^ to preserve it against

* Also punished with death by the Mexicans. — Pur^
ehas. Vol. v. p. 877. And by Genghis Khan's kws.
—Petis de la Croix, p.85.

t It 18 remarkable, Aatmaijse was introduced also i^
Mexico at about this date« ** Under the reign of No-
paltzin^ king of the Chichimecs, aTolteCj called Xiuht-
lato, lord of Quaultepec, taught the people, about the
year 1250, the culture of maize and cotton; the fami;-
lies who dwelt along the banks of the lake Tenochtit-
lan, had entirely neglected the culture of this grmn,
and the American corn would have been lost for ever,
if Xiuhtlato had not preserved a few seeds from his
early youth." — Torquemada, Tom. i. p. 74. See Hum^
boldi, VolAu notes, p. 252. As the dates are little to
be depended upon, can these ship-wrecked conquerors
have introduced the maize ? If it was native in Ameri-
ca, or had ever been cultivated, there could have been
no danger of its being lost. This is k strong proof how
little civilization had taken place, till the thirteenth

Digitized by

Google

60 COYA MAMA TEACHES SPINNING. [CA.//.

others; to build houses, and to clothe them-
selves. Coya Mama taught the women to
spin, and to weave cotton and coarse wool;
and they were both obeyed like children of the
Sun sent from heaven to govern the people.
Mango assembled all his Curacas, and told
them that his father, the Sun, had commanded
him to extend his institutions and orders as
fiur as he was able, for the good and happiness
of mankind: and for this purpose, with armed
troops to go to those remoter parts, which had
not yet been visited, and to reduce them to
their observance. That the Sun had com-
manded him not to hurt or offend those who
would submit to him, and thereby accept of
the good and happiness thus offered by divine
bounty; but to distress only such as refused;
without killing any except those who assailed
them, and then it would be just to do so in
their own defence.
For this purpose Mango, about six or seven

century, and an argument against the enormous popu-
lation contended for by Clayigero, as will be seen in
Ch.VII.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. //.] MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT, 61

years after his arrival, formed troops of men,
armed with bows^ arrows, spears, and clubs;
but chiefly as defensive weapons'*^.

The military establishment was constituted
and arranged in the same order as the civil go*
vemment. An officer was appointed over eve-
ry ten men, another over every fifty, one ov«
a hundred, five hundred, and a thousand; a
sixth over five thousand, and a seventh, as a
general, over ten thousand; of which number
his first army was composedf • With this, and
other such armies, he reduced many new terri-
tories under his empire, declaring to every
people he approached the same things which
he had related to the first inhabitants whom
he had seen near the Great Lake. Those who
submitted, were received into the same rights
and enjoyments as the rest of his subjects. — .
Those who refused, were distressed and pur-
sued by his troops, till they were necessitated
to accept his offers and conditions. The forces
of Mango Capac never used offensive weapons

• DelaVega, VoLi.p.71.

t De la Vega, Bookii. Ch. xL xiv. xv.

Digitized by

Google

02 CONQUESTS OF THE FIRST INCA. [CA.//.

till they were attacked: but then the troops
fell on their enemies and killed them without
mercy; not sparing even those who yielded
after an obstinate resistance*. Those who
submitted without opposition/ were immedi-
ately received into grace^ and were permitted
to touch the sacred person of the Inca; and
were allowed^ in common with the soldiers of
the army^ to feast for several days; when they
were incorporated as subjects of the empire,
and clothes were distributed to them, and com
was given them to sow.

The conquests of Mango extended to the ri-
ver Paucatombo on the east, about thirty
leagues; on the western side eight leagues;
and nine on tl^e southf • These territories
were divided into four provinces, over each
of which he appointed an Inca as a viceroy,
having many sons grown up fit to command;
and in each of them established three supreme

* The airangemmt of the anny, the arms, poHcy,
&c. it wiD be shown, are precisely Mongol^ modified in
some things by their Chinese knowledge and manners*

t Vega, BookL Cb.xvii.

Digitized by

Google

CUL] DEATH OF MANGO CAPAC. 63

councils— of justice, war, and revenue; and
oyer each an Inca was also appointed as presi*
dent These institutions continued ever the
same.

After a long and adored reign, at theap*
proach of the last period of life. Mango Capac
called together all his children and grand-chil-
dren : — ^He told them that he was going to repose
himself with his father. To his eldest son he
left his empire; and advised and charged them
all to continue in the paths of reason and virtue,
which he had taught th6m> until they followed
him on the same journey; and that this was
the only course by which they could prove
themselves true children of the Sun, and, as
such, be honored and esteemed. He com-
manded his successor, whose name was Sinchi
Roca, to govern his people with justice, mer-
cy, piety, clemency, and care of the poor; and
that, when he should go to rest with his Ur
ther the Sun, he should give the same instruc-
tions and exhortations to his successor.

" The first progenitors of the Incas did not
think proper to disclose to the Indians whence
they reaUy came, or what was their true origin.

Digitized by

Google

64 ADORATION OF THE INCA. [CA.//.

Their views required a different method of pro-
ceeding**''

Mango had ordained that no subject should
have more than one wife; and she was to be of
his own fiunily. Also^ that no man be permit-
ted to marry till the age of twenty years; no
woman under sixteen.

The Incas were to have but one lawful wife,
who was called Coya, and was always to be
their sister, for the better preservation of the
royal blood: but they were permitted to keep
many concubines.

When one of them was of the royal fomily,
she was named a Palla; but if not, she was call-
ed a Matacuna, or matron.

Mango left also many sons by his concu-
bines. He died beloved by his subjects as a
father, and was adored by them as a demi-god.
They embalmed his body, and honored him
with innumerable sacrifices of all sorts of
beasts, birds, and fruits. It is supposed that
he reigned thirty or forty yearsf .

* Gents. Mag. Dec. 1751.
t Sir Wmiam Temple, Vol. iii. from p. 337 to 347.
Vega, B. i. Robertson, ii. 164, 306. Gents. Mag. Dec.
1751, p. 535.

Digitized by

Google

Ckil.^ A RENOWNED CONQUEROR. 65

The Indians attributed all their laws, civil
or religious, to Mango Capac, and which they
thought had been communicated to him by his
fiitfaer, the Sun; but their laws were eithn
new, or reformed from tmcient times. The In-
cas pretend, that one of their kings was a great
legislator: they say, that he was a sovereign
priest; amdfwrther^ thai he was a renowned
captain^ who conquered a great number qf" pro-
vinces and kingdoms*. But, with all these fine
pretensions, they can give us no particulars
either of his laws or sacrifices: therefore, to
escape from this labyrinth, they attribute every
thing to Mango Capac, whether of the institu-
tions or the foundation of their empire.

II. SiNCHiRocAf was the successor of his fa-

* Vegai Book ii. Ch. ix. This refers probably to
Genghis Khan. '' While Genghis Khan was pronnil*
gating his laws, a man of rank, who liadl<Hig wandered
naked in the desert, mysteriously appeared in the as-
sembly, and declared aloud that Grod had revealed to
him, that the son of Picouca should be sovereign of the
whole earth. This was enturely credited by the Mon-
gols.-—!)^ la Croix, p. 88.

t Roca has not any meaning in the general language

P

Digitized by

Google

66 CANALS. HIGH ROADS. [CkM.

ther, 88 the teeond Inca. He married hia eld*
est sister. Mama Cora. He was a brave mo-
narch, atid exceeded all men of his time in
wrestlings running, casting sUmes, and other
such accomplishments. He extended the enif-
pire by persuasion and kindness, never having
had recourse to arms. He reigned many years,
and left a number of children by his wife and
concubines. He was succeeded by his eldest
legitimate son.

III. Lloqub Yupanqui. (Lloque means left
handed> and Yupanqui, the virtuous). He
was the first who made use of arms against the
natives. He added to the empire the pro-
vinces of Paucar-colla and Hatun-colla as far
as the lake TitiSca, and adorned those con-
quests with public buildings, canals, high roads,
a temple of the Sun, and a house of consecrated
virgins^ erected therein. He was a wise and
good monarch; and was succeeded by his only

of Peru, and is therefore probably the language of the
Incas. Sinchi means valiant — Vega, Vol. L p, 177.
Rohk b a well-known Mongol name.

Digitized by

Google

C*.//.] CONQUESTS OF MA YT A CAPAC. 07

son^ born of his wife Mama Cava. (He had
many children by his concubines)*. ^

ly. Matta Capac had, during his minority,
twice visited the provinces: but as no favors
could be granted, nor edicts be issued, except
by the sovereign Inca, with the assent of his
council, he now resolved on again making the
tour of his dominions, and to increase them by
fother conquests. He therefore took the field
with an army of twelve thousand men, and «
proceeded to the canal iia the great marshes by
lake Titiaca, with a view to add the province
of CoUao to his empire; the inhabitants where-
of being of a gentle character, and the country
flat, it appeared both a desirable and easy ac-
quisition. The wonders which they had heard
respecting the Incas, made them accept him
as their sovereign, at the first summons. The
Inca proceeded to Cacyaviri, a country in
which the people dwdt in separate and distant
dwellings, there being no town. In this flat

» Vega, Vol. i. p. 184.

P2

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

68 CONQUESTS OF MAYTA CAPAC. [Ch.II.

district^ there is but one mountain, which is a
quarter of a league in height^ and in form like a
pestle (jpilon). When the petty chiefs found that
it was the intention of the Inca to subdue them^
they instantly constructed a fort upon this
mountain^ the men supplying stones^ and the
women the turf. Here they all entrenched
themselves, with their numerous families, and
as much provision as they could collect. The
Inca summoned them, persuasively and re-
peatedly; but they replied, that he might go
and conquer others, as they were resolved not
to change their laws or manner of life. Mayta
Capac divided his army in four bodies, and sur-
rounded the mountain, when the Indisins made
several sallies with some success, the Inca's
troops acting only on the defensive, by his or-
ders. They were, however, at last attacked vi-
gorously; and the Curacas and others submit-
ted. Fearful of being punished for their ob-
stinacy, they went to the luca to demand par-
don: the children marched first, and were fol-
lowed by their mothers; then the aged, the sol-
diers, the officers and the Curacas with their

Digitized by

Google

CKIL'\ CLEMENCY OF THE INCA. 60

hands bound, and ropes round their neoks, in
acknowledgment that they merited death for
presuming to oppose the descendants of the
Sun. To mark their extreme humility, they
approached bare-foot.

The emperor received them seated upon his
throne, surrounded by his officers. The Cu-
racas prostrated themselves before him, and,
addressing his majesty in terms of veneration
and religious respect, such as they are accus-
tomed to use, they supplicated most humbly
for pardon; but, if it were his majesty's plea-
sure that they should suffer death, they should
consider their lot not unhappy, if the lives of
the soldiers, who had acted under their autho-
rity, should be granted, along with those of the
aged men, the women, and the children. The
Inca commanded that their hands should be
untied, and the ropes removed from their
necks. '^ I did not come hither," said the em-
peror, ** to deprive you of your lives or your
property; but rather to enrich you, and to
teach you to live according to the laws of rea-
son and of nature, to quit your idols and adore
the Sun as your benefactor and your god;

Digitized by

Google

70 DESTRUCTION OF POISONERS. [C*. //.

therdbre, i:etttni to your dwellings^ aad conti-
nue in the ssme power that you have hitherto
enjoyed: there may you remain in health, and
obey laws which are for your common advan-
tage.** The Inca then permitted the Curacaa^
in the name of all their people, to embrace his
right knee, in token of his protection ; an in^<
timable favor, as it was sacrilege to touch his
person, unless being one of his relations.

Three other provinces, warlike and rich in
cattle, submitted to the government of the In-
ca, charmed with the reports that they had
heard respecting his clemency. On his road
to Cuzco, the emperor made other conquests to
the west. There was a nation who used poi-
son against their enemies: it did not kill, but
disfigured the person, and rendered life miser-
able. The Inca, to put an end to such an in-
human custom, commanded that those who
were known to be guilty, should be roasted to
death. They were sought out, executed, and
their dwellings and possessions laid waste: af-
ter which the crime was never repeated*.

* Vega, Bookiii. Ch. i* toiv.

Digitized by

Google

CT.//.] CONQUESTS OF MA YTA CAPAC. 71

Tbe emperor pursued odier conquests, and
many provinces submitted. While he was en-
camped near the town called Huaychu, he was
informed that the Indians, farther on, had col-
lected a number of troops to oppose him; they
defended the passage across the river Huychu
with thirteen thousand men. They even passed
it, and attacked the rojral army. Six thou-
sand were killed, and the Peruvians lost five
hundred. The rest of tiie enemy, the next day,
presaited themsdives before the emptor's tent,
and on their knees and in tears implored his
mercy; which was granted, and they returned
to their dwellings. On the report of his cle-
mency, many towns of the Charcas submit-
ted*. The Inca then marched eastward, to
the country of tiie Antis, and arrived in the
valley now called Chuquiapu,and peopled some
towns, in order to cultivate maize in that fa-
voraUe soil and climate. He proceeded east-
ward, to the great snow-mountain, which is

* The preaent capitd is La Plata, south lat. 19^ 40^,
west Ion. 66*46'.

Digitized by

Google

72 A SUSPENDED BRIDGE. lCh.Il.

thirty leagues east of the grand road; when,
after an absence of three years^ Mayta Capac
returned to Cuzco.

After two or three years' rq>ose, the Inca
prepared to conquer some extensive provinces
on the west; and^ to shorten his march^ he
made a bridge over the great river Apurimac^
of wythes twisted together into five cables as
thick as a man's body; and stretched them
from side to side, so that it hung in the air,
two hundred paces long, and more than two
yards broad. Droves of loaded mules and cat^
tie could pass over it. It is the admiration of
posterity*.

The Inca crossed with twelve thousand ex-
perienced troops. When he arrived in the de-
sert country of Cantisuyu, (south lat 14''), he
was impeded by a marsh; but in a few days a
stone causeway, six yards wide, and two yards
high, was constructed, and proved very benefi-

* Vega, Bookiii. Ch.vii. These bridges are com-
mon in Thibet and Bootan. They had the same kind
of bridges in Mexico. — Clavigero, VoLi. p. 389. See
Humboldt, Vol. ii. pp. 73, 75.

Digitized by

Google

CJL//.] DEATH OF MAYTA CAPAC. 73

dal to fatare ages. The Inca marched for-
ward; and the renown he thus acquired^ en-
abled him to add to his crown all the counti^^
as fiur as the valley of Arequepa. This cam-
pugn consumed three years.

The emperor returned to Cu2co^ where he
died^ full of prosperity and glory: the length
of his reign is uncertain. He was succeeded
by his eldest son, bom of Bfoma Cuca, his Wife
and sister: he had many other sons and daugh-
ters, l^itimate and illegitimate*.
- When Bfoyta Capac reduced to obedience
the town of Tiahuanaca, near the lake Chu-
cuytu, (by Titiaea), there was found in it a kind
of high hillock made by the hands of man. —
The foundation was of immense masses of
stone^ well cemented, to prevent the prodi-
gious terraces from &lling upon each other.
At some distance, there were two stone giants,
with garments that reached the ground, and a
cap on the head: they appeared defaced by
time. There was also a long wall, made of

• Vega, Book iii. Ch. v. to ix;

Digitized by

Google

\

T4 RUIN OF TIAHUANACA. lCh.II.

stones^ 80 large, that it is difficult to imagine
bow they were brought thither: there are nei-
ther rocks nor quarries in the neighbourhood.
In another place, there were many extraordi-
nary buildings, amcmg which were grander
partes f many quite entire; the four comers of
each consisting of a single stone: almost all
ctf them rested upon other stones of incredible
magnitude, some being thirty fieet Icmg, fif-i
teen wide, and six thick. It is impossible to
conceive by what means these stones had been
cut There is a hall forty-five feet by twenty-
two, thatched like the temples at Cusco. —
There are stones with representations of mmi
and women cut upon them, some sitting, others
with vases in their hands, as if to drink, and
some as if crossing a rivulet; and statues of
women with chOdren at the breast Some
are so well executed, as to appear quite natu*
raL The buildings seem as if they had never
been finished. The Indians knew nothing of
their origin. — Vega, Book iii. Ch. i. and Hmir
holdt, Vol i. p. 25. See Chapter III. " Archi-
tecture."

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Emperors of Fbru.

TaMUAK HUACAC .VjHa VlKA COCTHAv^M,

TIateW,

TrPAJ^QiJi ,X»

HVAYNA CAFA€,

%V^*»-.^<4v.

/•.^'rl-r Af- -:5.'^'V.''

C».//0 SCHOOLS AT CUZCO. 7tf

V, Capac Yxjpakqt;! settled siome sanguinar
iy dUputes between powerful natife . chiefs*
The Charcas submitted to him.

\\l. Ikca RocA^sonof theabovd, completed
the conquest of the Charcas provinces, aivd
added about fifty leagues of territory to his
empire. He erected schools for the education
of f he princes. It was a saying of this Inca
that ^' If there be any thing in this lower world
which we mSghtadktfe, it is a wise and virtut
ous nian, who surpasses all other objects in
dignity: but how caor we pay divine honours
to one who U bom in tears, who is m a daily
state of change^ who arrived but as yesterday,
and who is not exempt from death, perhaps, to-
morrow/*— Vega, Vol, i. 388. Inca Roca was
succeeded by his son.

Vn. Tahvar Huacac, so named from his
having wept tears of blood in his in£mcy, and
which wfffe deemed a presage of his misfor-
tunes.

T)|p. eldest son of this Inca, whose name is
Bpt Imown, was of a turbulent, ungovernable

Digitized by

Google

76 SON OP THE INCA BANISHED. [CA.//.

character. The fitther^ endeavoiiriDg^ in yain^
to reclaim him from his yicious career^ was
necessitated to banish him : at the age of nine-
teen, he was sent to the large park called Chi-
ta: where the cattle destined for the service of
the Sun were fed on the rich pasture; and he
passed three years as a shepherd, in conmion
with the rest, in tending the sacred flocks. —
The Inca's intention was to live without wars,
and to reclaim his unruly son; otherwise^ to
appoint another of his children heir to the em-
pire.

The emperor^s attention was given to re-
pairing the aqueducts, public roads, palaces,
&c and to govern his subjects in justice.

One day his son suddenly appeared at the
palace: the Inca commanded him to return
to the park, from whence he came, or threat-
ened him with immediate death for disobedi-
ence. The prince replied, that he had come
to the palace by the express orders of another
Inca, as great as his father, to communicate in-
formation of the utmost importance; but that,
if he were not permitted to speak, he would re-
turn, and relate the reception he had met with.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. 11.^ GHOST OF AN INC A. 77

The astonished monarchy wishing to know who
had had the presumption to compare himself
with him, and to send his son with such a mes-
sage, desired him to explain.

'^ My lord,** said he, " while I was repos-
ing in the shade of a rock in the park, at noon
this very day, and unconscious whether sleep-
ing er awake, a strange looking man with a
long beard, and a garment which covered him
to his feet, and leading with a leash an animal
such as I had never seen, advanced towards
me, and said — ' My nephew, I am a descend-
ant of tiie Sun, and brother of Mango Capac,
and of his wife Coya Mama Oello; my name is
Viracocha. I am deputed by the Sun to com-
mand you to inform your father, that the pro-
vinces of Chinchasuyu are in arms to dethrone
him, »id to destroy Cuzco. Tell him to be-
ware; and, as for you, do not fear to act like
one becoming the majesty of your descent, and
then you may rely on my support in your ad-
versity.' Having spoken these words, the
phantom vanished."

The fother, who hated this son, reproached

Digitized by

Google

78 DEPOSITION OF YAHU AR HU ACAC. [CA. //.

him witii having invented this foble, and sent
him back to the park*.

The weak monarch not being roused from
his apathy^ his enemies, relying on his pacific
character, massacred his governors in those
provinces, and set out in full march, with for-
ty thousand men, for Cuzco.

The Inca, with the inhabitants, abandoned
the city. His son, now assuming the com-"
mand, defeated the rebels, killing twenty-two
thousand, with the loss of eight thousand of
his own troops. He deposed his &ther, and
built a fine palace, with paiks, gardens, woods,
fish-ponds, wild beasts, &c. for his residence, at
Muyna, five leagues from Cuzco.

YIII. ViRA CocHA, so named from the ap-
parition, was an enterprising emperor; among
other magnificent works, he caused an aque-
duct to be made, a hundred and twenty leagues
long, and twelve feet deep, to convey the famous
mountain springs which are between Parcu and

* Vega, Book iv, Ch. itxi. xxii*

Digitized by

Google

Ck.IL'] AQUEDUCT. GREAT CONQUESTS. 79

Picuy, to Rucana^ for tke purpose of watering
the pastures^ which are only about fifty miles
broad, but extend nearly the length of Peru.

The sovereign of Tucma or Tucuman*, vo-
luntarily became tributary.
. Yira Cocha extended his conquests on the
east to the Andes, ontiie westto the sea, and on
the south to the desart of Chili; on the north,
all the rebels submittedf .

After a long and glorious reign, he was suc-
ceeded by his son, born of the fair queen. Ma-
ma Runtu.

IX. Pacha Cdtbc, (the reformer), had an
army of fifty thousand men: he made con-
quests of countries extending about a hundred
and thirty leagues of latitude, and the rest of
those people between the mountains and the
ocean|. He founded schools, and erected se-
vered palaces, triples, and aqueducts. He

* An immense country: the present capital is in
south lat. 27° 25', west\on.66PSff.
t Vega, Book v. Ch. xxiv.
I Vega, Bookvi. Ch.xxxiT. .

Digitized by

Google

80 APOPHTHEGMS OF PACHA CUTEC. [CA. //.

had a very long reign, and left upwards of three
hundred children by his concubines.

Pacha Cuiec made many new laws and r^u-
lations; he was severely just, and was esteem-
ed a wise monarch. The following were some
of his apophthegms :

He who envies ihe wise and good, is like
the spider which sucks poison from the finest
flowers.

Drunkenness and anger admit of reforma-
tion; but folly is incurable.

He who kills another, without just cause,
condemns himself to death.

A noble and generous heart is known by the
patience with which it supports misfortune.

How ridiculous is he, who is not able to
count by quipos, and yet pretends to number
the stars*.

X. YupANQUi, son of Pacha Cutec, with an
army of ten thousand men, invaded the coun-
tries on the east side of the snow-capped Cor-

* Vega, Vol. ii. p. 143.

Digitized by

Google

CJL//.] RAFTS. APES. PARROTS. WAX. 81

cKIleras. Hie woods and morasses were such
great impediments, that, during two years, he
eat down a prodigious number of trees, and
made many balsas* ; and having put his army on
board, his general descended the great river
Amarumayuf. The Chunchus, whose skins
are spotted from the great heat of the sun,
were subdued, and paid tribute in apes, par-
rots, wax, honey, and other produce of their
country. They were permitted to people a'town
near Tono, twenty-six leagues from Cuzco.

Pursuing their conquests eastward, into the
country of theMuzus, (Moxos), the troops were

* A kind of raft made of beams, which sails, tacks,
and wcfAs with contrary winds, by means of boards
three or four yards long, and half a yard broad, placed
vertically at the head and stem, between the main
beams; by pushing some of them deep in die water,
and raising others, they bear away, luff up, tack, lay
to, &c. They carry four or five hundred quintals, and
the waves never run over them. — Ulloa, Vol, i. p. 160,
where there is a long description. Those made by.
Yupanqui contained forty or fifty men each. — Vega,
ro/.ii.^.204.

t Now called La Plata, from IP to 20" south lat
and in west Ion. 66®.

Digitized by

Google

82 CONQUEST OF CHIU. iOh.IL

harassed^ and diminished to one thousand mett.
The natives would not submit^ but accepted
the friendship and alliance of the Inca^ without
paying4my tribute; and the troops all remain-
ed, and intermarried with the daughters of the
Muzus. In their territory^ the river Plata is
six leagues wide^ and the Indians are two daya
in crossing with their canoes*.

The Inca's general^ with ten thousand troops,
which were reinforced with forty thousand more,
invaded the countries to the south, subdued Ck>-
quimbo, (south lat. SO"), and to the river MaulL
Continuing their conquests southward, beyond
the Mauli, they were opposed by an army of
eighteen or twenty thousand brave and war-
like Chilian Indians. Three battles ensued,
in which more than half the soldiers in each
army were slain; and nearly all the rest wound*
ed. On the fourth day^ the generals of the
Inca held a council of war, and resolved on be-
ing coidented with the river Mauli, as the
boundary: and fortresses were erected as a

• Vega, Book vii. Ch. xiv.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. Ih'\ CITADEL OF CUZCO. 83

barrier. This campaign had consumed six
years*.

This emperor founded the citadel of Cuzco,
remarkable for the nice adjustment, and 'mon-
strous size of the stones.— Vega, Vol. ii. p. 267.
He had extended the empire northward forty
leagues, from Chinchu to Chimu, (p. 247);
and southward two hmdred and sixty leagues^
rjp.224).

Tupanqui was, by universal consent^ 8ur->
named "" The Charitable.* He left a great
number of children by his concubines; and,
after a happy and glorious reign, was succeed-
ed by his lawful son, Tupac Tupanqui

XL Tupac Yupanqui, after the year paused
in the ceremonies obserred on the deatii of the
Inca his father, employed four years in visiting
Ills dominions, as was the custom. He then
raised forty thousand mien, to maintain the
(xmquests of his predecessors.

• Vega, Vol. a. p. 219-827. The Maufi flaws into
Rk) Negro, south lat. 40°.

o 2

Digitized

I by Google

84 BEAUTIFUL WOMEN. [CA. //•

LeaviDg a governor at Cuzco, the emperor
proceeded to Cazamarca^ in order to subdue
the province of Chachapuyas^ (south lat, 7**,
eastward of that city), which contained for-
ty thousand inhabitants. The men are very
brave, and the women extremely beautiful*
They worship chiefly the condor and serpents.
In warfare, the men are remarkable for their
dexterous use of the sling. It was necessary
to begin by reducing the large and warlike
province called Hiiacrachucu, (south lat. S°%
where the natives had images of serpents, be*
fore which they knelt in adoration. It requir*
ed the whole summer to force them to submit.
Two battles were fought, and the strong passes
were secured; when the inhabitants consented
to adopt the worship of the Sun. Aqueducts
and other improvements were introduced in
this province^ where much rain fUls. The
Inca received a reinforcement of twenty thou-
sand troops, and marched towards tiie Cha-
chapuyas. He summoned them to submit;
but received for answer, that they would de-
fend their liberty with their Kves.

Digitized by

Google

CUI.'] SAVAGES SUBDUED. 85

The Chachas^ as they are still called, built
many forts on the heights of the mountains,
and blocked up the passes. The Inca aeat
finrward three hundred chosen men, to make
discoveries ; but they were every one of them
lost in t)ie snow, on the mountain Chirmac
Cuca. The Inca overcame all the difficulties,
arrived at Cazamarquilla; and, after vanquish^
ing the Chachas, they submitted to his laws.

The two provinces of Cascayunca and Huan-
capampa^ the inhabitants of which were in the
most barbarous state of savage life, going na-
ked, and eating human flesh, were reduced to
obedience and the atts of civil life. They were
prohibited from cannibalism, under pain of en-
tire extirpation. These were esteemed by the
Incas as two of the best provinces in the whole
empire.

Several years were consumed in conquering
the provinces of Cassa, Ayahuaca, and Callua,
the natives of which lived under civil govern-
ors: they were very brave, and confederated in
defence of their liberty. In one of the battles,
the Inca lost eight thousand men.

Digitized t)y

Google

86 FLAT-HEADED INDIANS. lCh.IL

Tupac Yupanqui i)ow passed some years in
visiting his empire^ building palaces, fortresses^
aqueducts, temples in honor of the Sun, and
houses for the chosen virgins. He formed
high roads, and completed the fortification of
Cuseo*

The emperor now proceeded to the conquest
of Chinchasuyu, and Huanucu, (south lat 10^ to
12^)» remarkable for fertile land and pure sir.
Here he built a temple to the Sun, and a house
for the virgins, which were attended and serv*
ed by above twenty thousand Indians*

The next year, the Inca prepared for the
conquest of the great province of the Canarins.
The people tie their hair in a knot upon the
top of the head, and go nearly naked. His
Majesty proceeded through the country called
Palta, (south lat. 3*), famous for the exquisite
fruit so named: here the natives, on the birth
of an in&nt, tie a board upon the forehead, to
another behind the neck, and thus they remain
for three yean, to flatten the head. Leaving
proper persons to govern the Paltas, the Inca
sent to summon the Ganarins to submit They

Digitized by-

..Google

C1.170 GOLDEN ANIMAL6 AND FLOWERS. 87

consented, and a magnificent temple was built,
with a' house, as nsual, for the yii^ns of the
8un«

At Tumipampa, the walls of the royal tem-
ples and chambers were ornamented by the
Incafs son, Huayna Capac, with animals, plants,
and flowers, made to repres^t nature, of gold,
flSver, emeralds, turquoises, and other jewels. —
These people were so attached to their new
masters, that they gave all their riches to adorn
Ae temples and palaces.

Tiqiac Tupanqui. returned to Cuzco, whwe
he rratuuned some years, governing his empire
with wisdom and mildness. Ambition made
him again advance to the confines of Tumi-
pampa, with a fine army. Here he conquered
about fifty leagues of territory. Which reached
to the borders of the kingdom of Quito. The
natives here were barbarous, and the country
wafl barren. The people of the place now
called Puerto Yiejo, (^cient Port), des*
patched an ambassador with presents, «id sub-
misBion as vassals. The Inca sent officers and
proper persons to govern them ; but, after re-

Digitized by

Google

88 CONQUEST ON QUITO. [CkM.

ceiving iiistiniction in religion, agriculture^ &c«
ihey massacred all tiie Inca's establishment,
without exception, Yupanqui did not find it
convenient at present to revenge this injustice.
After reposing a few years at Cusco^ the
emperor set out to conquer Quitu^ or Quito,
which was seventy leagues in length, and thir-
ty in breadth. This region was fertile and po^
pulous. He arrived at Tumipampa with for-
ty thousand troops, and summoned the king to
submit to his power. The sovereign, Vhose
name was Quitu, replied, haughtily, that he
preferred the worship of his ancestors, which
was the trees and wild animals, that supplied
his subjects with fuel and food. After a eoh^
test of two years, in which many were slain on
both sides, in the well-defended passes and
mountains, the Inca sent for his eldest son,
Huayna Capac, who was then twenty years of
age. He arrived with twelve thousand troops ;
and the emperor returned to Cu2col Alter
an effort of three years to defend himself, the
king of Quito expired, in despietir. The gene-^
rals submitted to the young prince, who load-

Digitized by

Google

Ck.IL} CONQUEST OF PASTO. 89

ed them with presents, built a temple, and en-
dowed it with the usual establishment This
first conquest of the youthful Inca deli^^ited
him; but it led to the ruin of the empire.

After an easy conquest of the savages of
QuiUacenca, who pierce the cartilage between
the nostrils, and hang thereon an ornament of
gold, silver, or copper, Huayna Capac pro-
ceeded to the province of Pasto, (north lat 1°),
where the people are very different, but equally
barbarous : upon flesh being offered them> they
replied, that they were not dogs. Governors
were left to teach them the arts of civil life,
and to force them to free themselves from the
vermin which devoured them.

Proceeding forward, the prince subdued the
province of Otavallu, where the natives were
more warlike and civilized. He then entered
the great province of Caranque, the inhabi-
tants of which worship lions, tigers, and large
serpents, to which they sacrificed the heart
and blood of their captives in war, the flesh of
whom they devoured. These people were re-
duced to obedience ; but gave over their old

Digitized by

Google

90 DEATH OF TUPAC YUPANQUL [C*.//.

customs with reluctance. This was the most
northern province added to the kingdom of
Quito. (These several places lie north of tiie
equator).

In the meanwhile Tupac Yupanqui was as-
siduous in completing the fortifications of Cus-
co, in which twenty thousand men were con-
stantly employed. Every three years govern*
ors were sent to visit the conquests in Chilis
and to present the chief people with a supply of
clothing. The caciques, in return^ sent the Inca
a quantity of gold, feathers, and curiosides.

The prince arrived at Cuzco, and received
his father^ commendations for the success of his
exploits in Quito. He now married his young
sister Rava Oello, not having had any progeny
by his first wife and sister Pileu Huaco; and
being desirous to have children both of the
paternal and maternal brwches, he likewise
married his niece. Mama Runtu.

The emperor, at tengtfa, feding the i^proach
oi death, gave orders that his children, of whom
there were upwaxdsof two hundred, should come
into his presence, to hear his last injunctions.

Digitized by

Google

CUI.^ EXCELLENT MAXIM. 91

He recommended them, by living in peace and
justice, to prove themselves true children of
the Sim. He commanded his successor to pur-
sue the conquest of the barbarous nations, in
imitation of his predecessors ; and to chastise
the traitors of Puerto Yiejo and Huanca-
villas, that the ingratitude of those savages
mi^t not, if unpunished, prove a pernicious
example to others. Thus died this excellent
monarch. His grateful subjects rewarded his
noble actions, and benevolent heart, with the
title of Tupac Yaya, or Resplendent Father*.

The deceased emperor's body was embalm-
ed, with solemn ceremonies, and with so much
art, that it appeared as if still alive, when seen
by Vega, in the year 1559. Among other
maxims of this Inca, he said — ^ Avarice and
ambition, like other passions, have no bounds
of moderation: the first unfits a man for the
government of his own fiEunily, or for any pub-
lic employment; the second renders the un-

♦ Vega,Vol. u. p. 136,259. Bookviii. Ch. rai.

. Digitized by

Google

92 EXTRAORDINARY GOLDEN CHAIN. [Ch.II.

derstanding not susceptible of the councils of
the wise and virtuous*.**

XII. HuAYNACAPAC,son of the above^ after
the year of moiiming had expired, set out to
visit his dominions; and was every where re-
ceived with triumphal arches, and ways strew-
ed over with flowers. He had not proceeded
far, when on hearing the joyful tidings of the
birth of a son, he instantly returned to Cuzco.
After twenty days of every possible demon-
stration of joy, the emperor, wishing to sig-
nalize the day on which his first-bom son was
to receive his name, invented the fiimous gold-
en chain, seven hundred feet in length, and
about as large as a man's wrist. In two years
it was finished, and the fete was ordered to
take place. The dancers, who consisted of all
the royal princes and great persons at court,
held this chain, instead of taking each other
by the hahd, as was usual. They advanced

* Vega, Vol u. p. 293.

Digitized by

Google

CA.//.] EXPEDITION TO QUITO. 93

with gravityv in solemn cadence, singing the
praises of the Inca, towards the throne where
he was seated. (This chain has never been
found, having been secreted on the £rst arrival
of the Spaniards*).

A year after this solemnity, the Emperor,
(who had been absent during the preparation of
the chain), marched to Quito, with forty thou-
sand troops. On this journey he chose as his
mistress, the eldest daughter of the late king
of Quito, whom he took from the house of the
Virgins of the Sun. This lady became mother^
of the famous Atahualpa, and other sons. Af-
ter residing some time at Quito, the Inca de-
parted, in order to extend his conquests on the
sea-coast. He arrived at Trugillo, the bounda-
ry of his father's victoriesf . He summoned
the inhabitants of these parts, and they readily
submitted to his mild government; as did
also th^ people of Tumbez, and several neigh-
bouring vallies. Two years were employed in

• Vega,VoLii. p.364.
t There are many places bearing this name*

Digitized by

Google

94 VALLEY OF SULLANA. TUMBEZ. ICkJI.

making aqoechiots and cultdyatlng those pro-
vinces. They are unhealthy for stingers; one
side being very hot and the other extremely
cokL On this account the Inca was obliged
to recruit his forces three or four times.

On his return to Quito, two more years
were passed in embellishing that kingdom.
He then, with fifty thousand men, marched
along the coast, to the valley of Sullana, the
part of the coast nearest to Tumbez. Of all
the maritime people, these were the most vo*
Inptuous, and debauched even to the last d^pree
of in£Euny*. They wear upon their heads a co-
vering (toque faite enguirlande), which they call
Pillu. They adored lions and tigers, to which
they sacrificed the hearts and blood of men.
Their caciques were generally surrounded by
buffoons, musicians, dancers, and charlatans,
for their amusement They were, however,
honored by their subjects, and feared by their

* The Mongols, Peruvians, and Mexicans, all ri-
gorously punished these infamous crimes with death. —
See Petis de la Croix, jp. 87. Vega, Vol. i. p. 279.
Clavigero, VoL i. p. 357.

Digitized by

Google

GUI.} SINGULAR PUNISHMENT. 96

neighboars. They expressed th^nsdves as
haying no other wish than to submit to the
power of the Inca as their sovereign. Their
example was followed by others along that
coasts and also by the Chuvani Gnlu, the CoW
kmches^ the Jaquals^ and others on that fron-
tier*. The Emperor embdlished Tumbes
with a fine fortress^ a temple of the Sun^ and a
bouse for the chosen virgins. The Inca then
proceeded to punish the nation of Huancavill^
ca, (Puerto Viejo), who had massacred the
establishment sent to govern them^ by the de-
ceased Emperor^ his fatli^r. He pardoned the
common people ; but the ambassadors^ captaum
and chiefs, who had deceived his majesty, were
decimated and put to death; by which pro-
ceeding, the Inca proved that public justice
and not personal revenge actuated him. The
other principal instigators, and their progeny
were pmiished by having two front teeth

* Vega, B. ix. Ch. ii. Tumbez is in south lat, 3*» SO',
about a hundred mfles south of Cape St. Helen's, where
the pants landed. Tumpiz, the ancient town, stood
south of the present Tumbez.

Digitized by

Google

96 ORACLE CONSULTED. [CA^II.

drawn out of each jaw. The inhabitants, who
had feared entire extirpation^ were so delighted
with the emperor's clemency^ that men, women
and children yoluntarily drew out four of their
teeth in imitation of their superiors. '' I saw
one of the women in my father's house at
Cuzco, who related the above event to me at
great length*."

The Inca garrisoned the places he had
conquered, visited Cuzco, and then proceeded
southward to the Charcas, an immense distance
from Cuzco. He sent a deputy to visit Cliili,
where his father had procured much gold; and,
after an absence of four years, he returned to
Cuzco, and remained there two years.

Having nused fifty thousand men in the
northern provinces, the Inca joined them on
the frontier of Tumbez. He visited all the
temples of the Sun in those parts, beginning
with the temple of Pachacamac, called, by the
Indians — ^The Unknown God. He there con-
sulted the oracle, (or rather the devil, says Ye-

» Vega, Vol ii.p.370.

Digitized by

Google

Ck //.] ISLAND OF PUNA. 97

gt), on the probable success of his anns. The
priests assured the emperor, that he was des-
tined to become the master of the four quarters
tf the world. On arriving in the valley of Ri-
mac, he consulted the fiunous speaking statue^
whose yeply was satisfactory. He then went
forward to the valley of Tumbez, and sum-
nnmed the proud Cacique, Tumpalla, tyrant of
tiw fertUe island of Puna*. His religion and
Yiees were the same as those of the inhabitants
of Tumbez. The Cacique was much alarmed
at the presence of the Inca on the coajst He
represented to his chief subjects, that they
were required to give up their aneimt liberty
and customs, that their property would be
seized, and their wives and daughters, in am-
sequence of their beauty, would be taken from
them; and they would all be reduced to sla-
very. Therefore, continued he, since we can-
not oppose such an army, we most have re^

* This island is about sixty miles in circuit; it is in
the bay of GuayaquQ, (south lat. 2® 46'), west Ion. from
Greenwich, 79«> 46').

Digitized by

Google

08 TREACHERY OF THE CACiaUE. [C*./A

course to stnUgem, and pretend to remve tl^
yoke. The Cacique sent presents to the Inioa,
chaiighig his ambassador to submit to all de-
mands, and humbly to slipplicate his majesty
to honor his new sulgects with his royal pre-
sence, the greatest &vor to whidi they could
aqpire.

The Inca bang satisfied with the represent-
ations of the ambassador, crossed over to Pur
na, where he was solenmly received with daiK>-
ing, atid songs in his praise. He was lodged
in an apartment built expressly for his recep-
tion. His migtety laboured to reform 1m new
sul]gects here and on the coast, requiring them
no longer to sacrifice men, nor to eat human
flesh, and to abandon their shocking vic^ uur
dar pain of death: to all which they assented.

After a while, the curacas of Puna» in cour
cert with those of Tumbes, disliking these ri^
gorous laws, resdved to kill the Inca and his
people. They consulted their gods in secret;
when they were answered, that all their enter-
prises would succeed. Their soothsayers;
iLOwever, tleclared, that their gods command-

I

Digitized by VjOOQIC

€*.//.] MASSACRE OF SOLDIERS. 99

ed them to wait for a more feyorable oppor-
tonity.

In the meantime^ the emperor resolved to
send some of flie royal commanders to the op-
posite coast, to instruct and reform his other
new subjects; and also some troops to be
placed in the garrisons. The islanders pro-
mised vessels for this purpose. The emperor
crossed to Tumbez, on some important affitirs
thei^

When the captains aiid soldiers were to fol-
low, the cdcique gave ihem vessels only for
hdf the ntimber they required. The royal of-
feers, and the best troops, embarked, to attend
the emperor^s person, and were very richly
eqtipped. When they had reached a certain
distance, being totally off tbeir guard, the
idanders suddenly cut the ropes of the sails
abd yards, atid instantly killed or seized the
princes and itoldiers, and threw them over-
board. Every soul was massacred, either with
their oWn arms, or were killed with the oars,
while swimming to save themselves. The ves-
sels returned to Puna, and, bringing off the

H2

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

100 MASSACRE OP PRINCBS. [CA.//.

other unsuspecting half^ destroyed them in the
same manner. The people rose in the island^
and in the provinces on the opposite coast, and
cut off all the governors, judges, and treasur-
ers of the Inca. They exposed the heads of
the slain over the doors of the temples, and
made an offering of the hearts to their idols,
in fiilfilment of their promise*.

When the fatal tidings of the death of so
many princes of the royal blood, and other per-
sons, eminent in the military and civil affiors
of the state, reached the emperor, he was pro-
foundly aflflicted, and put on mourning; which,
according to the custom of his ancestors, was
of the colour called mouse-grey. After his af-
fliction had somewhat abated, he first took am-
ple vengeance on the provinces on the mam
land; he then sailed over to Puna, and easily
overcame the resistance offered upon the sea.
On landing, the principal authors of the rebel-
lion were seized. The emperor ordered one
of his officers to inform them that their crime

• Vega, Book ix« Ch. iv. v.

Digitized by

Google

Ck.II.} PUNISHMENT OF REBELS. 101

was of such a nature as to preclude him from
ezarcisiiig his usual clemency; and he com-
manded that those rehels ahould be instantly
killed^ or flung into the waves. Others were
empaled for having fixed the heads of the
slaughtered princes upon spears^ and expos-
ed them over the doors of their temples. —
Some were beheaded and quartered^ others
were hanged^ or killed with their own arms.

After these transactions/ the emperor com-
menced a causeway upon the bank of the
Guayaquil river: then^ enjoining his subjects
to obey the governors who were left in the
fortress of Tumbez, he departed.

On his road back to Cuzco^ the caciques of
the provinces presented him with many of the
best and most curious productions of their
country. He received from one of the ca-
dques a lion and a tiger, the finest he had ever
seen. The emperor, on his arrival at the ca-
pital, found the fortress nearly finished, and
put his ovm hand to some part of the work, as
an example to encourage the labourers.

After four years had passed in visiting his

Digitized by

Google

102 REVOLT OF CHACHAPOYAS. [€h.IL

eastern and southwB possessions^ Huayna Ca-
pac departed witb an army for the conquest of
the provinces and all the coast north of Turn-
bez; buty on the road to Quito, he was inf(»riEh
ed, that the great province of the Chachapoyas
(south lat 7% was in revolt^ and had killed the
governors, commanders, and some of the sol-
diers; the rest being made slaves. On this the
emperor concentrated his troops, and sent an
offer of pardon to the rebels, if they wouM re-
turn to their obedience. This proposal was re-
ceived with insolence. The army made almdge
of small boats, and crossed a river, in order to
reach Cazamarquilla. The terrified inhabit-
ants, hopeless of mercy, fled to the mountanis,
leaving behind only the children and old peo-
ple. The clement and gallant character of the
emperor was well known; and some of these
elders, with tears in their eyes, prevailed on a
lady of their city, who had been one of the inis-
tresses of Tupac Yupanqui, father of his ma-
jesty, to wait on the emperor, and claim his
compassion. She travelled two leagues, and
having presented herself before him, acccHnpa-

Digitized by

Google

C*.170 HUMANITY OF THE INCA. 103

Bied by many otiier wmnen, but not mie.man^
tbiew beraelf at the Inca's feet. ^ Our sole
knrd/* said sbe, ^ is it your intention to destroy
a proTince wbich has been subdued by the arms
€^ the en^ror your firther? Would you not
to-morrow repent; you who hare so |uBt a
clahn to your title of Ptetector qfthe Foorf —
tf pardcm cannot be granted to their rebellion^
as they have bid down their arms^ take com-
passion on them : and the reputation which the
descendants oil the Sun justly enjoy for their
lumaiiity^ will be crowned by such virtuous
forbearance. But if you resolve on revenge^
let me be the first sacrificed, that I may not
witness the ruin of my native land." To this
speech the rest of the women, bathed in afflic-
tion, added — ^^ Great Huayna Capacf have pi-
ty on us, on our fJE^thers, our husbands, our bro-
thers, and our in£uit children!''

The Inca stood silent; but, being affected
by the tears of the women, he approached Ma-
macHna, and made her rise from the ground.
" That to-morrow I should regret of an act of
severity is certain; and it is to your prudence

Digitized by

Google

104 GRATITUDE. A TBIPLE WALL. iCk.lL

that your natkm will owe thdr lives and for-
tunes. Return to them with these tidings^ and
if you find that they can be grateful fot my
kindness^ I en^wer you to grant them, in my
name^ any other favor you may think right —
As a proof of my sincerity, you shall be accom-
panied back to your town by four Incas, who
are your own sons, and are mybroth^r^, at-
tended only by a few officers proper to re-
establish order, but not by any soldiers*""

The Chachapoyas were so sensibly affected
at this unexpected mercy, that they environed
the spot where the emperor had received his
mother-in-law, with a triple wall; the inner one
was of beautiful stone, the outer one of brick.
Thare are fragments now visible; and these
walls would have lasted for ages, had not/o-
reigners, says Vega, demolished them, in hopes
of finding hidden treasure*.

The emperor now proceeded to the province
of Manta. The natives observed the same cus-
toms as their neighbours; but, in the capital,

* Vega, Book ix. Ch. vL viL

Digitized by

Google

€h. //.] AN EMBRALD WCMtSHIPFBD. 105

Manta^ they wonliipped an emerald about tiie
size of the egg of an oatricli. The natiyes of-
fered many things to this deity, particuhurly
small emeralds. The priests assured them tiiat
tiie mother goddess received her daughters with
ddight. ^* They, however, kept these stones
for Uiemsdves, (sa^ the ingenuous Vega), a
doctrine founded on their avarice/" These
em»alds fell into the possession of Don Pedro
d'Alvarado, of the fiither of Vega, and others,
who broke most of them upon bu an vfl, deal-
ing those which would not bear the blow of
tiie hammer, to be notgenuine. No <me ever
knew what became of the large one. This
province submitted, and also that of Caranque,
inhabited by very brutish people. Proceeding
northward, the natives were found to be so sa-
Tage, and even so much more brutal than the
preceding, that the Inca did not care to waste
his time in adding their country to his em-
pire.

After a year passed in surveying the pro-
yinces on his journey, the emperor arrived at

Digitized by

Google

106 REVCOiT OP THE CARANQVBS. [CA. /i.

CwKOf to edMbmte the lUymiy or prineipBl
feast of t^ Sun, wltidi lasted nine day&

While the emperw was for the hist time ti-
siting some of his prorinees, he received intd-
ligenee that some of the Ctfanques, who had
never with good will snbmitted to the change
of their religion and ancient customs, had le-
vdted and massacred their governors, offsring
their heads, hearts, and Uood, to their idob;
^nd that they had devoured the flesh of the
shun. The Inca was horror-struck at this
outrage, and marched against the rebels. The
deputy who was sent forward to demand an
explanation, and to offer pardon, on a suitd^
acknowledgment of their atrocious omduct,
was g^ to be able to return to the camp, he
had been received in so insulting a manner. —
The army marched forwiurd, and the Caranques
defended the deiles and mountafais in the most
obstinate manner: the skuighter was great, and
many prisoners were taken, and put to death>
as a severe examfde to the latest posterity. —
Thus, about twenty thousand had fallen, and

Digitized by

Google

Ok //.] LAKB OP Bl/>OD. JOT

ih^ bodies were t)irown i^t^ a lake, which,
firom that event, is called Yakuarcocha, or, the
liake of Blood.

The emperor returned to Cozco, deeply
affli<^;ed at the terrible niecessity whidk had
e(vi8traiiied him to deviate from his own natu*
ral feelkigs, and the weU-knawn demeney of
lus ancestors. His migesty, <m his late expe-
ditions, bad always been accompanied by Ata^
hnalpa, his son by the daughter of the kii^ of
Quito. This youth was remarkable for his
bravery, good saise, and &ie person. He was
the idol of his father, who would willingly have
made him sole heir of the whole empire. In
this state of mind, the emperor sent for his
Intimate heir, Huasca Inea; and in the pre*
sence of his other sons, and the great parsons
of his suite, he represented to Huasca, that
he was quite aware of his right, according to
the laws of Mango Capac, which had hither*
to been observed, to the kingdom of Quito,
and the rest oi the vast conquests which had
been achieved; but that it would grieve him
not to be able to provide for his brother, whom *

Digitized by

Google

108 HUASCA, ATAHUALPA. lCk.II.

he SO tenderly loved^ in a manner suitable to
his merits : that as Quito had belonged to Ata-
bualpa's grandfietther^ and as his mother was
still living, he therefore wished that that por-
tion of the empire might be settled on him in
perpetuity^ and that this donation should be
approved of by Huasca. The emperor further
represented, that so good a brother would up-
hold the power of the empire, much more
effectually than if he were left in indigence;
and thus the future heir to the provinces de-
pendant on Cuzco, would be at liberty to make
further conquests to add to his abready im-
mense dominions. Consent to this arrange-
ment, said his majesty to Huasca, and my
wishes will be accomplished; I shall then re-
tire contented from this world, to repose in
the other, with our father the Sun.

Huasca replied, that, as he had nothing so
much at heart, as to obey every wish of the
king, his fiither, he not only consented that
Atahualpa should be put in possession of Qui-
to, but also of any other province in addition,
if it was wished to increase that possession.

Digitized by

Google

(7*.//.] ROAD OVER MOUNTAINS. 109

Huayna Capac was rejoiced at this reply, and
Haasca returned to Cuzco.

The emperor proceeded to Quito, wishing
to pass the rest of his days with his &vorite
son, and to secure that throne for him. For
this purpose he removed some of the turbulent
and courageous people on the neighbouring
coast, and replaced them with others of a more
pacific character*.

When this emperor marched from Cuzco to
subdue the kingdom of Quito, he, from the im-
pediments caused by the mountainous nature
of the country, found it an arduous task: but
on his achievement of that conquest, his new
subjects, to do him honor, constructed a sur-
prising road over the mountains, for a commo-
dious communication between those capitals.
It was wide, and so even; that a carriage might
be driven upon it: rocks were levelled, and
vallies of twenty toises in depth were filled up.
It was five hundred leagues long; and there
were buildings and store houses the whole of

* Vega, VoUii. p. 387—402.

Digitized by

Google

110 WONDERFUL SCENES. [CA.f/.

the way. lb many places there were oommo-
dious platforms ; and in others there were stone
stairs, in order that the Incamight be borne
along in his arm chair as easily as possible.
From some of these prodigious heights the
emperor snrveyed with admiraticm and ^Might
the immense and wonderful surrounding scene-
ry, whkh presented to his view regions of snow
on the one side, and verdure on the other.
During the wans with the Spaniards, the road
has been much destroyed, in order to render
the passes as difficult as possible. ^ We found
at heights surpassing the Peak of Teneriffe,
the magnificent remains of the road construct-
ed by the Incas. This causeway, lined with
firee-stone, may be compared vrith the finest
Roman roads I have seen in Italy, France, or
Spain: it keeps a straight direction for six or
dght thousand metres. We observed a con-
tinuation of it again at Caxamarca, one hun-
dred and twenty leagues distant. The Peru-
vians believe that it reached to Cuzco. Near
the road over the Assuay, at the height of
four thousand and forty-two metres, are the

Digitized by

Google

€%.IL'\ ROAD THROUGH VALLIE8. 1 1 1

vmainsofihepalaceof Tvpac Yvpan^kii; the
rains of which> caUed los Paredanes, are bat of
gBiall devatioii^. On tbelnea's second visits
a romd was ccmstructed tluroog^ the flat ooan^
try, marked out by posts^ o^er the saiids, and
through the raHies levdled for tliat purpose.
It was jdanted with fruit trees, and walled in
some places; and was forty feet in breadth.
Whai his majesty trardltd, these highways
were stre?red with fragrant btanchei and flow-
ers. These astonishhig labours were not sur-
passed by the most &mous works of the Egyp-
tians and Romansf .

While Huayna Capac was rq^MMung himself

*

in one of the most magnificent palaces in all
Peru, at Tumipampa, a messenger brought In-
telligenoe that some ^ctraordinary men, such as
they had never before seen, had landed upon
some part <rf the coast, from a vessel of an un-
commmi appearance; and that they were mak--

• Humboldt* VoL L p. 241.
t Vega, Bo<A iz. Qu zn. xiii.

Digitized by

Google

lie ALARMING STRANGBRa [Ck.!!.

ing active enquiries to know the name of the
conntry*.

An ancient oracle having predicted the de-
struction of the empire by strangers of such
descripticm, the emperor was too mudi alarmed
to think of fiirther conquests; and^ to add to
his uneasiness^ three years before this event,
during the celebration of the feast of the Sun
at Cuzeo, a large eagle had been pursued and
harassed by five or six small falcoiM> and as
many water fowls, till they tore and disabled
him to that degree, that he fell, as if for rac-
cour, in the great square in the midst of ihe
Incas. They ^ideavoured to cherish and
nourish the eagle, but he died in a few days.
The augurs declared unanimously, that this
was a presage of the ruin of the state, and the
extinction of their religion, lliis prodigy was
succeeded by earthquakes which threw down
high mountains ; the sea left its ordinary bounds,

* This was Pizarro's first visit, when he landed at
Tumbe«, south lat, S» IS'. Robertam^ V<J. iL p. 166,
who dates this visit, A.D. 1586.

Digitized by

Google

CluII.^ DREADFUL OMENS. 113

aatd frig^tfiil comets aji^pearbd. A layca, or
■mgirian, one day ran to the empeiMr in tears^
and so o«t of Iffeath that he could scarcely
qpeak, to luasdre him that his Aufther^ the Moon,
was sorroniided by thre6 circles. One Of which
was the colour of bloody the sedond of dark
l^reen/ and th^ outer oiw ajqiearedlike smoke;
and to ex][dk&i to him, that Pachacamao, by
tbese signs, indicated the extirpiation of the
royal family, and the ruin of the whole em-
pire. Although Huayna Gajpac was not in-
sensible to these omens, he would not show
a want of fortitude. '' Oiit of my sight l** said
he, ^ thou hast dreamed all this nonsense
about my mother, the Moon, I will believe none
of you augurs, that the Sun will pemnt the
destruction of his children, till Pachacainac
himself assures me of it." The Inca, to pro-
tide for misfortunes, raised a fine army, con-
sisting of the best troops in the garrisons of
ihe empire. He ordered all the soothsayers
in the different provinces to consult the ora-
de of Rimac, and particularly the great Pacha-
camac, regarding the interpretation of these

Digitized by

Google

lU A GBBBN COKET. [Cl^/A

cmnmotioiui m the ^Ummta. Their xepUM
were atnhignoitt, hut nodiing etztogordinfy
<l€eitiTed hefoie the death (tf the empcnn

Hkmiijeity^heii^it Qako, took the ]^e*siupt
of bathing hi the kfce; but he hadaearoeij
eome out of it) when he waa seised with a ahlTW*
ing fit, which waa suooeeded by a burning
fsver; and he wa&soon convintod that it wotaU
prove mortaL The Inca had been extremdj
akrmed by the appearance d a ccmet off a
grieen cokNir*; beaidea which, liia house had
been stmdc by lightning. The priests, tha
phifesophers, and the magicians, (from their
intercourse with the deril, says V^ga)> were
certain that destruction waa at hand; but would
not alarm the public mind with these direM
tidings^

The Inca finding himsdif near hia last hdur,
commanded lus fiimity, and all the great
officers of state, to come into his presence.
"" The Sun,** said he, "^ rerealed to me that I

* They believed that comets foretold the death of
kings, and the destruction of empires, — Vega, Vok L
p. 905.

Digitized by

Google

OM.ILI DBATH OP HUAYNA CAPAC. 116

skmld be eaUed from the Lake to repoie in
htaiien. After I am ietA, I derare that, mjr
body mqr be opened^ as is citetomasy; and
that my heart and entrails may be debited
m my bdbved city of Quito^ My body must
betvansjiorted to Cnsco^ and placed with those
«f my aneestoss/ Tlien addreslnDg the royid
fimiily^. "^ Abtard all otlietr eonsidemtion^^*' smd
tfar djring: moiutrdi, ^ r^^ard the cave of Ata-
Inalpft- aa tbe moat sacred. I leave him Uie
km^dom ef Quito; obey him'in all things^ for
he wSk command yea in nothing but what I
have retealed to him by the order oi the Sim^
eurfiUiier.^

Tfaislncateft mow than two hundred sonsand
dao^iteilsr: he died in die ferty-seeondyearof his
reign^ aoon^er the strangers had he&t seenf •

• TheGapuaofdielhca}

t V^pi, Book ix. Ch. xiv. xv. Vega gives long
extracts from Cieza de Leon, and Gromara, regarding
die great care, which, they assert, Huayna Capac took
fteai|oin obedience to the white and bearded mcn^ who
were destined to conquer the wmrld. ThiffnoUon he
pretends wai his own idso; and it was ineuleated by
the Spaniards.

12

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

1 Id JEALOUSY OF HUASOlil lCh.II.

XIII, HuASCA* Inca, and Mb htothetAta-
hualpaf, lived' in friendship ^for some time.
The south had been subdued; butHoascawas
precluded from pursuing conquestis on themortH^
as he could not pass through the cboiiBionB
of his hrother; and fearing thitt the h^Dgdom
of Quito mij^ be gveatly extended byaddi-p
tibns on that side, he became jealous, and ap-
prehensive that the separation of that territory
from Ihe throne of the lawful Ihea^ might lead
to his own d^iruction. Agiteted with these'
reflections/ and considering thiait his assent to
his father's request was rather a forced obedi-
ence, than an act of justice, he sent an ambas-
jsador to Quito, to assure his brother that
would not depart' from his word; but that,
all conquests belonged by right, according
the ordinances of -Maogo Capac, the first Incaj
to the crown of Cuzco, he required that Ata-
hual^a should render him homage as his supe-

^ So ealled from the duUn, hiA real name was ioA
Cusi Hualpa, (the son of Joy). — Vega^ ii. p. 367.

t Monsieur Marmontel, and others, spell this name
AtabaUba, AtaHba.

Digitized by

Google

Tuui^.^ni

HrASCA. I:N<cA.,Xfflo

ATAHTUAILILIPA , IQYo

Cuogle

Ahlr^^i Hsrch^^'^'fi/.

Digitized by

Google

OLJLl B1CBA6SY TOftyiTO. |M

lion aod that be AmU tiA^ fwUra^ ui<diQC
Imd to hk kh^om by auy f iitiure ^^

Atahnalpa was not in a ixwdltioii tQ dispute
Aese pointd; he ther^we reedved tibnQ amjMisn
aador witii feigsed reaipKt After tbfee dttyt,
he gare audience to the aoihaMador, and told
Urn, "^ tiiat he always had C(i»8id0«ed, «a4
should continue to. acknowledge jiif hil»tlier 49.
hb liege sovtiieign; and that» so far was he
from meditating amMtious pn^ects, he wopld.
nllier gire hack his kfa^om and retire to
Cusco, and fire like the rest <rf the royal fiuoKh
ly, than give the least displeasure to his brother^
ikelnca.''

A oQuriw was sent to the coital w^ this
H^dligence^ which gave great satisfiMdion to
Hnasca; who replied that he would oiHifinn
his fiiAeifs gifft, on his^ btDth^r's appearance at
CttKO to. make oath of his fidelity. Atahiia^'
expressed hiknself happy to receive the Jncafs
comnumda: and to rendet the sotenodty of.th^
fimenl ritesi which he owed to tlmr pafefut,
as honouraUer as posslhl^^ while he wa9 at the
capital, he requested permission that the prin*

Digitized by

Google

Its TREACimt OP ATAOUiVLPA. [CULIC

<i^ yeig^itf^liiticai^lfaigm and liwIiTilfalinwili
migM acooii^awf Um, (tr Ak farpoBe, Jit 4ktl
Mtte tfatte, of «i*>eiriiig obettiMe 40 ihcir iole
iMNl. Beth pntieB were {fl«Hed witk tUli
state of 'tUngS': tiie «nipen>r lidieHag an 4fai
rineeiity <»f Mb tootlwr; Aad Atdrarip* ei
iMKng thai there wiw no enspieiaii reg&rdiqg
Ids good tidth» Orien were sent to the piWK
vfaicee «f Quito to pfeptie Ibr tide etpoittfoB (.
and secfet e<MMniilueations were Made io ibt
officers, to seleet the best soUBen, and to eian
iiwnseeretfy: hat that ih^tlMiiidBetoctfDir
Cnseo In cmupanriee of idKrat six hwidtfed,
dressed as ckiaens, and that each corps ahoufti
pffecede the other \ff aheat three leagiiea
Thus thirty thoosand departed ftom the kkgw
dom of Quito. Ruasoa had giTon diieetiaai
that hia busliMi'a sOlijeeU ahoolii he au^
p»0«Med4m the read with fnnil niiil niiuiaiww
datieB. The boa's gof^nMra^iftiiepnMrinosn
were asteuMied at this unneeessaxyvtunher^f
people pvoeeeding to Cozooe and it was not
tfll the troops had arrived wHUn one hundaed
leagues of the capital, that thqse ahanns had-

Digitized by

Google

CiJZ.1 <aVILWAIl. 119

emtiUfe^ to Umxtu The ^lea, Itait
suddenly rotMd icoii Im flOse toMimae, dto*
fttuAoi icoavim in aH direetions to Bsmtton
Ite comcai ud oAeem of tbs pcdvbieeB to
Mfuroh inrtMiily to CmECo, wiA all Ab troops
iiiej could cdkct; but tfiese paito of tho em*
pi(0 lumsag hem kng m a stete Jot soewity,
ikef coidd not raise aome jiian idbont thirty
Ao vaand, and flioae vndiso^aied^ itith wliidi
ifaey fcarteoMd 1^ fixrced tnaioliea iowards the
capital. Tlfe genenl oi the aimy of QiiitQ
was aoquaJHted with the nnprepored eondilMa
of GBato, asd poshed on widi twMity tkoiMMid
todopa to Ae rivet Aporimac. 1%^ oxnacd
wiUioirt any roffiosition; and nem daolafed
opaoly Agssiist tlie Iikca. The main body
jpasdwd in iadtle aMnsf^ with their ensignsdis*
ipfayedf nntil the teat of tlie tnepa oimrtoalt
4imB» and then tlie wMkt ankiy artiTed at
Ae hiH 6r YtafauAuioa, wa leagnea fnm the

Atohnplp^ jdjMg ott the ddBl and isxpe*
rieooe of hif fgneukeiai hJaeiiUieia^ senuutod

Digitized by

Google

OieO DEFEAT AND CAPTURB OF HUASCA. [£%.».

on the^fcoDti6r of hig kingdotaa; til iie shoiiU
know tlie eiwt of the first ooiifliet*

Huasca, with all his rdatioH^ and ahodttaa
thousand tmopa, left the c&ky to join tiie coir^
wUch was on the weBttaide«Cit, aildrth^to
await the arrival of the saccoors whldh he«^
pected. The commander of the amy of Qu-
to instantly moved fiorwafd ; aild in tiie j^ob,
which is two or three leagues frtea Guxoo^ col
the Ircst side, the tn^o partis, witfaont any
parley or explanation, fought desperately te a
whde day; axid nmnbm were slain on' each
side. The snpertdr valour, and experieiKei of
the troops of Atahna^a, ^gave them the yieto-
ry;. and HiMSca fled, with tiie remains of his
adheor^iis^ amounting to nearly ten thousand
midn« The conqueror pursued tittmsodoasly,
that the empoor was sticed: his troops ifdbrp
tesdived not to siOTive their unfoitaBate im>^
vere^; and'the wheole of tJiem feA eitheroby
the sword of the enemy, m by their ownkandai
fantihe tnpracas and'oikers: voluntarily sitkmit-
ted, or were csptored with the emperor. • i;

Digitized by

Google

with some of the oioM tried and fi^hM ^
^ soldiMs^ ivwft pkicdl dtef iUa voipovtwtf
prioQiier; and they wen'rctt^ed-eTnjphouf*'*^
Jfaia intdBigeoee was inSustnittaly afivoad
thtw^ the fffOYiilcefi^ and to: more fcecN^
aniYed*:

, XIY. ATJiflUAUPAwitiiow^taaateroftitofan-

pire. By ^efimdamentol laws of the states DO

one ooidd sucoeed to the throne except' one

of the sons of the emperor by his kutful wife»

who was always his own legitimaite sister:

and in dc&ult of snch issue, the nearest ^

scendant in that fine coidd alonerbe coisidesoA

is legitimate. Nor eooU «ny conquest what*

3Ter be alienated from the crown. :Sii|ah wfeije

he inititntes of Mango/ the ft i^ickr* Tims

itahnalpa, whose motUsr wis a daiigjiter'of

he late king of Qnito, coidd not lawlnlly ei-

her succeed to the settee of (kzcorpv retam

tiat of Ms fiite grandfather. These ccmsider-

* Vega, Book ix. Ch;xrsijL-tD xxirr.

Digitized by

Google

let HORMDCMIBUfyOPATAinJACPA. lCk.Il

(If the IndinB Ibr tliilr InOM, and for their
hms^ frnpfeoAkd Atakoalyc ftma wfffmmddmg
Cirno Minr Hun Xraxa» mbkk is 6i|^
iMgMsdistMtffc. Wiitoimurii^oiilikidctarf^
Ml pHsotter, and liis ovn dnger^ Ug aaMtion
urged him to fonn thedreadfiil resolntioii to
extirpate all the defcendants of Mango Capae,
indoding evm tfaoee that wne not legitimate^
Aai noose dioald he left in eziatenee who
oonld #qpmte has title or fdiiow his own e»-
ample.

Under tim speinons pretext t£ rwtoring tiie
enperor; the prioees of the bloody the gefrei»-
0a, and graat oAcen in tiie pimrihces^ wen
inTited to Impair to Cbnao. Some, either frba
sidaiea^ age, or siispiaien» did tet set out oi
this jonmejr; hut rfl tipoae who aniYed, wtn
hafaeadjQ4* hanged, or drowned^

AlOengh Hnasoa if^as mocta)ijr hated 1^
tiie nsurpcilr, he spared tiia life of Us priaone;
that, in eaae of any despmofee refnft, lie mipt
retain the power of appeasing it, by ofibringto
restore their emperor. But a worse fate thn

Digitized by

Google

iurijr Wjefre*%l8 relatSohs nsadi^cred in Ms pre^
nmce, VttiHilsiMsMes, and bther prisoners of
coBiAdieM^om, lAiO had been captnred ^Ath
fbdr sovereign/ were manacled and driren ord
ddto tlie plain of Bacsahuana; where, bein^
ranged In two fines, the Mien fnca, witih faiii
hands tflSfl behind his back, a cord roiind his
nedc, and hSa sacred petsoh cbvered'^fifeh mud;
WM led between the faidks of Us dearest
Mraids and (cfiowHSuflferers. Cut to the soul
by this affecting sight, and uttering cries of
dsspaor, tiiey all prostrated themsehes as their
aiored sovefiign passed through the finest
sod in this state they were mercilessly butcher*
ed with hatchets and dubs*.

T%e atrocious Atahudpa was not yet satfs*
teft with 'file numerous victuns already sacri-
feed to Us ambition; but he. became jealous
eren <^ flie fenude branches, who were every'

*¥^;ai Bwiz.Cai.xxxyi. How like ihb conduct,-
we that of Aurungzebe to his elder brother Daral
The siinilarity is very striUog. — Sc^ lhw*8 History,
VoLm. p. 309-315.

Digitized by

Google

yrkete woghi oat^; down ^ tbe igfof infiuK^^
and were put to torture and deatii^ by every
Invention of cruelty, at Yahtqrpampa, or the
Ipield of Blood, (so called from a farmer eveni),
until, in the space of two years fmd ^ haU; few
of tbat very numeroua race rfimained aUve,
and npUB above tbe ag^ of elpyien years.

^' Among these^** says Ycga, "^ n^ motber
and uncle, niece and mphew <tf Hiwma Capao,
had the good fortune to hp numbered: ai^d
from this unde did I receive these an^ otim
particulars which follow* ••

The hatoed of Atahua^ €fx1;mdiad to the
Inca)i household offlpers; the u^h^nf pf ibi^
chamb^, the hewers of the jewels, t)ie fautr
lers in the palaces, and ^yon theirf arjdatiffQp, cp^
caped not his murderous puiwuit. In some
towns every fiftbf in others every tenth ii^haJi^i-,
tantweremassacredi Towns were^redjiipql t)i^
ashes. Spcty thousand me^inth^pjKxvi^cf^oft^
CanarinSy were destroyed with fire and sword,
notwithstanding tbftt the wpmie^ . wnd childreQ^

* Vega, Vol ii. p. 481.

Digitized by

Google

(%//.] ARittVAl.O(PPtZAI(RO. I2tf

wiih palm bmnches itf tliehr hands/ iattnrcected
for pity*.

Pizarro/in the year 1536, had landed at
Tmnbez, and the Spaniards for the first time
feasted llieir eyes with the fine temples, the
gM, rihrer, opnlaice, and citiUzation of tW
Pemvians. They behdd a country well peo*
pled, cultivated with industry, the natives de-
cently clothed, and poissessed of ingenuity so
fiur sutpasong any others in the new woiM,'
that they had tame domestic animals.^Lfa^
mas).

Pisarro sailed to Spain with these extraordi-
nary tidings; and, returning, he invaded Peru.
In February, 1531, he landed in the bay of St.
Bbtthew, with a hundred and forty-four in-
fiihtry, and thirty-six cavalry, and was rein-
forced with about a hundred and twenty under
Benalcazar and Soto, during' the civil commo-
tions between Huasca and his brotherf .
' He proceeded southward; when Huasca
sent a messenger to soUoit his aid against

* Vega, Bookix. Ch«xxxix.
t Robertson, B. vi.

Digitized by

Google

)39 CQimrOPATAHUAliPA. iCtktT.

ike mngfet. The hrmAtat, fmativit^ the
advantages he miglit derive from these dis*
sieiitkM> pttflbed <m tmrards Caacamalea, a
muB^ ti twehM d*79> where Atiih»a]pa was
mcBmimA, with a ocMi8id«rable b#dy of troops.
PivaiiD pvetai4ed that he wds tmBuAuMtdM
fima a powca?fol noiuQrGh^ and that he came to^
e^Hghtmilhe Peruviaiifl with' a Imowledge of
tnitbjawAtoliMdtiiemtohappiiiess: he there-
torn 00bmA hw lad to AtiAualpaj agaiost those
emBBMn who* diqptited his title to the tlorone.
The locals fears were removed^ he professed
firiradflhip for these myslMioQS stmiigecs> and
sentthempresmits of great valoe.

Whw Piflano had posted himsdf securely in
the pahica«r tenqpte of Camnalca» he dispatdt-
Qikm brother FerdhMHid, and HemandoSoto^to
tjMMinpof AAahiialtia^ wUchwas at lluedistanc^
of a. iea^oe: they were received with cordial
friendship They were astonished at the or-
der of &e ccnirt, and tho mvemiee paid to the
Inoa. Their senses were daazled by the rich
ornaments of dress> the vessels of gold and sil-
ver, and the number of other ornaments of

Digitized by

Google

ei^/A] THB moA visns pisabro. an

every Idnd^dmriiig the npatfc; all Bnd*ik£tiMM
pcedous metals.

Pisaxro inTited tiie laea to ptgr lum a viiil.
AtaluMlpa prepared UimseK to appear witli
ihagnHirenf e on so iatoreatiog an ocoBekttu He
amred^ aittiBg on athmie, wluck waa oaEvied
eii the riMwldeie of hia ptineipal attwdattta;
bift dxesa being adorned with pmoiens JtMei»
and plates of go)d» aad plumea ef vamua e**
knurs* He was preceded by four hnndmd
gnaidef and was atteiNied by singers and dan-
cetg^ and more than thirty thoiiaand 3aen>

When the Inea waa near^ Father Vkioent
Talyerde adranced with a crwiix.aiidiatate-
yiary: beexfUned the dootnne ef the crei^
tion, the faU of Acbm^ the crneifixian^ and re«
sorrection; the appointment of St Prter^ and
the transBMSsioft id his. power ta Ae pepes»
wjio had made a donation of tiieneW werid \»
the Icuotg of Ca8tiie4 He therefore leqnhwd
Atahualpa to embrace the Christian fidth, and
anbmit to the king.

These mysteries were badly interpreted^ and
were inconqprehensiUe to the Inca» who waa

Digitized by

Google

128 . PEBUVIANSMASSACRED. [C&;/A

indignant: he asbed where these things had
been learned? '' In this book^" said Yalverde.
The Inea opfsied the yoloine^ and put it to his
ear. ^ It is silent/ said he, '^ it teUs me no-
thing;^ and threw it with disdain to the ground.
The enraged monk ran to his companions~-
*^ To arms, Christiaps, to arms! avenge this
insidt on those impious dogs." The martiisJ
music struck up, the cannons and muskets were
fired, the horse sallied out to the charge, and
the in&ntry rushed on sword in hand. Pizar-
ro dragged the Inca to the ground; and the
carnage did not cease till the close of day. —
The Peruvians, confounded and dismayed,
made no resistance. Four thousand were
killed, and no l^aniard was even wounded by
ili6m«

The plunder was immense; and Pizarro
professed kindness and respect for the miser-
aUelnca*. The tragedy was eventually ended

* Pizarro accepted, as a ransom for the Inca's liber-
ty, to be paid in three months, as much gold and
silver as would fiU a room twenty-five feet long, and
fifteen ftet wide, and as h%h as a line wfaidi Soto

Digitized by

Google

CKII.} ATAHUAIPA IS STRANGLED. ]20 ,

by: AtahwJpa being induced^ for his own. pre-
servation/ to order Huasca to be put to death :
after^ which, he hqnself was forced to submit to
a mock trial, and was condenmed to be burnt;
but^ on a promise of mitigation if he would
embrace the Christian foith, he consented, and
instead of being consumed in the flames, was
straQgled at the stake, (in 1533)..

Several of the Spaniards, retaining some
tincture of Castilian honor and generosity,
protested against these impious and inhuman
proceedings, so dishonorable to their coun-
try*.

^cratehed upon the wall with his sword. It was filled
in two months and a half, and amounted to foiir niil-
fion, six hundred thousand ducats.— GoiTMira jfi Pm'"
chas, Vok ▼• p.9S0,

^- Not one of the perpetrators of Ais infamous act
died a naitural death. — Purchas, Vol. v. p. 9S0. The
Reader's fillings are in some measure relieved by die
atrocity of Atahualpa's character. But this is no jus-
tification of the Spaniards; and. bad as that character
midoubtedly was, it has perhaps been exaggerated by
Vega, both to indulge his own just antipathy, and also
to soften the humane reader's indignation at the cruel*

Digitized by

Google

ISO lONORANCB OF FIZA.KRO. [OJUL

Pinno* intwted a Utt of Ataluiilpa iritii
ih0 wfiigns qf rojaitjr; md t^ peopla oCCtis*
od admowkdged Mugo Copac^ a bvottcr ^

ties of hifl new relations and associates. The writer wbo
has nuMrt mdttigajl Us ebqniiftee upon daa tuli^ b
Marmontd, in his historical romance^ cafled '^ Xet

* During the imprisonment of Atahualpa» be had
attached himself to JPtfrAMMMlPizafrOi and to H^
Soto: who^ being perscms of birth and education, be-
haved with decency and attention to the captive mo-
narch. Soothed with this respect, he was delimited
with their sodety; but was always overawed and unonqr
in the presence of the governor. Among all the Euro-
pean artSi reading and writing were those which Atahu-
alpa most admired; nor did he fed sure whether they
were a natural gift, or an ac^pured tdent. To det^^
mine this, he desired a soldier to write the name 0[
God en his thumb naiL He was amai^ed, on diewiog
it to various Spaniards, at their jiving him the same an-
swer* When h^ saw Pissarro, he {Nresented his naH to
him: tbegovemor was confiised, and blushed; hecoidd
not iead» From that moment the Inea conceived a
mean opiniMi of him, ami had not the address to eoor
eeal it. This waa supposed to have haatetted his &t6.
Piaano was the natural son of an officer by a low wo-
man, and was so ne^^ted, that he had been a swhit-

Digitized by

Google

(Hkff.l fnOSOFCOBECO. 141

Homo, lui Inm; iMt «i tfM mem caotOBikn,
mi tbe power of ik^ae Imuaidis ^raB atmi

aiaago, «ller todegiag Oizcb witfi «ti im-
mense nuflAerof hit ralijectB^ tnd i^ U* iM^
roic efforts endangering the Spanish power, re-
tired to the mountains, and is supposed to have
iUliitlia&

* It is an extraordinary coincidence;, that the heroic
Uti^t, A^Hrst Mogul 6mpetot of tihidoostan, mounted
the Ihrone two years after the deOttWtibn bf A^ kbgA
of Mexico, and only one year before Pizarro discovered
Peru, in 15S6, as if to continue that iSustrious race.—
Tltei yh>g;da inay, with peei^Kat propriety, exclaim:

feelings of the moralist; but, sinte manlrind gre aH apM
bitioos of power, when in their reach, what nation has
sobbed a tich and in^^ise empire with so tew ex-
ceses^ JM the BritiBh in fiindoontan. AndwhelreaM
momurchs who, in their fallen greatness^ haTebeiil
treated with more humanity, or supplied more munifi-
eefidy with die means of personal cttofott? And %
fOBf justly he askedi what eaaqueitd pei^^ehaue b^ea
governed with laws so weD and so mildly administered ?
Those Moguls, who are conversant with their own eariy
history, tniist acquiesce in these ttuths.

K2

Digitized by

Google

132 END OF THE EMPIRE. [Cik.//.*

SATEi/TuFACt the last prinoe^ resignea tbe
Mvereignty to. Phifip IL, leaYn^ only <me
daughter, who married Onez de Loyob, a
Spaniah kiughti from whom are deacaided tbe
marquisaes of Onepiaa and Aloaniaes.

Thus ended the empire of the Pemviah mo-
narchs. Gardllasso de la Vega, the historian,
was horn in the year 1541, (eight years after
the death of Atahualpa), while his £Either was
governor of Cuzco.

'* When my mother,* says he, ^ resided at
Cuzco, where she was bom, the few of our res
lations who had escaped from the tyranny of
Atahualpa, came, to visit her almost every
week. Their chief pleasure was to converse
on the majesty and greatness of the empire,
the wigin of their kings, their noble actions,
their exceflent government both in peace and
in war; and the wise laws which they had es-
tablished for the good of their people. On
these topics they would dwell with delight —
But when they spoke of the present state of

Digitized by

Google

C».//.] NARRATIVE OF VEGA- 133

affidrs, the &t6 of thdr 'good nu>nari&,:'thef
ittssacres, the demlation of the empire, i&d
the other evib which had been hirought on by
the goyernment of Atf|haalpa» their 'eyes w^re
saffiuied with tears/ When I was about seven**
teen years of age, I often listened to thesie con?
yersations with rapture. One day, when my
unde was speaking on these subjects, I said to
him lineal how can all these things be knbwn,
when yoit have no books? The Spaniards
write down eyery thing, and therefore are Well
acquainted with what has happened In the
world, in all ages.' The Inca was extremely
pleased at my question. ' My nephew/ said he,
f I shall endeayour to satisfy your curiosity,
and b^ you to retain in your heart, what I
idiall relate to you.' He then, described the
sayage and' unouhiyated state of the original
country.*

. "" ^ Our ^ftther, the Sui^' continued he, '(for
no one but those born of the royal.stock dare
pronounce that sacred name),'seeing this mis^r
able state of things, sent from heayen a son
and daughter, to instruct the rUde inhabitants

Digitized by

Google

184 INCA8 AVORBD MS DIVIMinES. IVKiti

in the iaimle^ «b4 litaatwii of hirit; aa 4Mhr

the Mto of cifiiiaMl Ufe, to^ b«Ad (owBi^ to faack
0«dD> a««[ coMvato oarn, fihiiti, wai fioiram*.' **
(The rea<t of this rdatian is ghrcii iat Hbn pte^
ceding account <rf the first Imoa).

Theie pcinoes am described foy their dcfloend^
an^ and hf all ellwr histofiaaa), at the »Mst
gentte, bencAeent, Mheral jwt, and uaoM, thM
have ever governed any coimtfy. They wcm
htiktwi, and rather adwed aadivinilMB, Aaa
obeyed a* naprteiB.

<< S0feral of tbo young pthKoa e9cq>ed the
toy at Atahnalpa: one nranad Panhi, who w Imi
]BPwro 1^ at <^e tnao of the trenUea, was Ibe
i(Ni of Huayaa GufiM: and th«0e was another,
who was tiran cpiitei young, ^nd whoas name
ma Titai they wMtt hotti haptiMd. lliescai
of Panhi was my sdiool-feUow; he was. called
D(tn Ohadea Inoa, and nkanied a, Sfanlsh lady,
hy whom bo had Don Mekbior Chariealnca»
who OMoa t9> Spain IB 1603, ta teoeiTe the te>

Bodci. Cliii|i.xTi.

Digitized by

Google

cLn.^ oBficnoroASTB of tib: moAB. ns

iiirds ktf had fawn phanited fo
big &iher in tiie conquest of Peru; he renuunt
it VdkidqIW, and wlmtereir KCCMnpence may
he swarded, it can mseacedy be cquiyalMt to
hit gteat m^its^ One of the daaghton ei
TitvL, named Donna Beatrix Coya^ was nuos
lied to Martin BfoBtmcia, who had been com*'
ffilBsarjr general m Peni fiyr Chaiks Y. and
they bad several amis.

^ My own mother was nieee of the great
Hnayna Capac, bebg the daughter of one of
Ua legitimate brothers. I bare known agreact
number of other Ineaa and PaBas deacended
ftom the SJBune great monarch* i also knew a
scm and two daughters ot king Atahualpa.—^
The Marqub Don Francfe Pi2tarro had a son
1^ one of the daughtmi^ whose name was
Dcmna AngeBna: that son was my school^
Mow and rival, when we were about eight
years of age.

^ The son of Alahualpa was well made and
veiy handsome, as tiie Incas and Pallas usud*

* Thb k axtjHuBc years aSim the oenquest!

Digitized by

Google

136 PORTRAITS OF THB1NCA& lCk.7L

Ij were. He 'died jint Jbefinfe ' I set 6ut finr
Spain.

'' I received a letter; dated in 1(108, from Pe-
ru, relating to me the nueeraUe state of the re-
maining descaidants of the Iheas; but they
feit confident in his majesty's bounty. They
sent authentic testimonies of their genealogy^
imd, for their better elucidattbn^ they were ac-
companied with incontestable demonstration of
the truth of their descent. Th^r genealogical
tree was painted upon an ell an^d a half of Chi-
nese white taflfeta, upon which the Ibcas are
represented, in the antique stile, at half length,
with their headndress, ear-pendants, and a par-
tisan in the hand, in lieu of a sceptre. The let-
ter which the princes sent to me, is subscribed
by elevenof them, each having signed for his
own genealogy, with his baptismal name, and
that of his predecessors*.

* It must'be from this document, that the portraits
given in this volume are derived* They are copied
from the Gentleman's Magazine for 1751 and 175S,
and were procured from a Spanish publication, two or
three yean before Uiat date. They are accompanied.

Digitized by

Google

hk.n.2 RIGHTS TRANSFBKRBDrrO SPAIN. 137

^ Wiih respect to Dcm Melduor Charies
Inca^ descended from Hnayna Capac, his ma-
jesty, in 1604, granted him a pension in per-
petditj/of ser^ thousand five hundred dndacts ;
he asked also for snfiSdent' funds to bring. over
his wife and all her esiablidiment: h^ was
merebver made a knight of St Jamas/ and Ha
appointment in the kii^s household was pro-
mised him, on condition that iall his righits At
Guzcb, derived from hia'grand&iher and fotfaer,
should 1>e annexed to* the crown of Spain, and
that he would never return to America*.''

Thus ends the history of the Incaa.

in that excellent magazine, with a short epitome of the
fives of the Incas.

* Gareillasso dela Vega^ Book i. Ch. xv. Book ix«
Ch. xL

Digitized by

Google

138 COlFSBaorTHBIHGAS. tOLIL

** lMth»y«rlMO>nitlwhMM»«ftbelMBn-
tiate, PanI Otadeganlo, I Mw five kbdies <if tk«
loieMt three men and ^o w<HBeii. Tb^ IttA,
titt now, been conoealed firon tbe Spanjaids^
Tke fint, was diat of the kii« Yfiaeeeha, wiio,
\xj Ui aaoW'Wlute hm^ an^ewred to btve bew
mty aged. The next wae Ivf n^pbew, the
gnat Tupac Tnpea^ei} tod the thivd w«)
Huayna Ci^ea The lavrtli mui Mama Rwr
tu« Queen of Tiracoeha, and the o4i»er wa« the
body of Coya Mama OeUo, motiier of Huayna

These corpses were so perfeo^ that not a
hair of the head, or of an eyebrow, was want-
ing. They were in such dresses as tiiey wore
when living, without any other mark of royalty
than the JJauiu on the head. They were
seated in the manner of Indians, with the
hands across upon the breast, and their eyes
towards the earth. They were in such good
preservation, that they appeared almost as if

Digitized by

Google

4:^//.] AKTOiimYIKGFUIIH. 190

It lost. I timched one of thelngers of Huapi*
Cttpac and feimd it as hiEurd aa wood I am
of eifimptk that the bodies had been dried b^
exposura lo the lAr^ m the same maimer ai
meat is prepared; and vhidb, without a^j
otiiet prooess/ has always been used fw the
provisioning of the troops^ as it win keep good
Ihar tof length of time^. The bodJes wmre so
U^t, thai the smallest ladiaa conld cany ene
eH bia shonldor or in his amis> when he was
xequiitd to do sp^ in order to satirfjr die Qurio^
sityof a Spanish Caralieft. They ewered

* The same is practifled in Aaift* ^ The Mtmgob
mi odiwTsrta»r4r3raUaQ|rt9offla9hl^th9a{r«ii4
$an, which oitirely prevents their perishing: thus -fUd
fowl are kept from one year to another.** — M. de
Lmge, Betfa TrmeU.p.^Bf^. B0O. Edhb. 1806.

t I« Paiia <h€y siarelch and ^ibe4a^ bo^<|f
their kingt and noblemen^ laying the same t^n a
irame of wood, like a hurfie or gridiron, with a g»i«
de Are under th^m; thus gradoaUyoonsundagllie flesh
and Iriwuinff the skin and bones entire* Thev hoaoor
them for their household and feuniliar gods. — Peter
Martyr 9 Counsellor to the king of Spain, to Zodovid,
Cmdima4^4mgan. HakkiM^, VaLm. p^¥i\.

Digitized by

Google

140 CHARACrratOFTHEINCAS. [C«.//.

Ihem withaivlute'ddtfi/as tbejr passed throa|^
tbe streets, where' the peo^ fdi (m:tli6ir
faiees witk teaiB M liieir eyetu Even tht
Spaniards took off their bats 'in oonsequeiice q{
tkeir haying borne the title of kings; which
gave the 'lodiansextreme dc^hf-r-CrordSM-
Mo.A la VegOy BookY.'Chap.xmu JBooftiiL
Chap.xjL

The ekdrtu^er of the Ihcas seems to have
been, in most instaiices, precisely that, of ibie
Mongbb: jintandgeoerous in peace; resdute
andsevese in !war. . Tlie mild genius of Kiiblai
acquked byliis residence inJChina, was ye^
different from the tremendous crudty of his
grand&ther Genghis Khan, and the Incas were
not ferocious and esrt^aininating like Genghis.

•' The Peruyians, says Vega, (B. vii. Ch. iL)
had. sudi. extraordinary respect and affection
^foir their Incas, that there is no instance of per-
sonal treason to their prince. The Incas baye
the high merit of neyer permitting their subjects
to be oppressed by tiie governors, some of whom
were sovereigns, some subalterns.

Sueb was the state of the people, that drunk-

Digitized by

Google

Ckll.l JUSTICE. SEVEBE LAWS. 141

mhess was scarcely.ever.knowii; aidnoonff.
dinrst take a single measnie of maize from Ins
neigbbour.'' Adiilter|r* tlMA/seditiofi, and mur- .
der/ were prndshed witii deaih^. — ( Vega^ Book
vi; CA* xix.)

Hmiting, the use of wtvoB,. and inTmcibfe.
courage, were the. accomplishments which dis-
tinguished a Mongol, even of the highest rank,
in'ihc^se.days; and the Incas were, in tiiis re-
spect, Hke the subjects of Genghis.. It is pro- ,
bable tiut the scms by. the concuUnn of £j]]>-
lai, and who were always ' employed in , the
army, did not receive an education equal to.
the legitimate branches, who were intrusted
wiUi govonments as Ticaroys. '^.^ Although
the: use of letters was not introduced in . the
empire of the IncJBts/thi6se sovereigns, never-
theless/ were remarlutble for their extreme
good sense and quickness of mind.'' — Vega^

?BiT William Jones, Discourse Y., says,/* We.

* These same crimes were punished with death by
Oenghis Khto*s laws. — Petis de la CroiXf p. 78.

Digitized by

Google

Ml STRICT KMOABD lOR TRUTH. 10,11.

am aflfund by the kacwd atiiiuv of tiM
tni, tiMit tho Tivtan imder GMghii atid Ut
dfacendaafai were Umtt of timtli; and wmiU
Mt even pft^Mrve tbEdr lites bj a Tiobrfimi of
it4'' The same honourable feelii^ eiiited nn^
dtf the govttnmenl of the bcai.

^ When a emraea was braogfat befim tte
Spannh judge at CSoea^ ha was yinarai lal
wilhmemMm that ha night awear to tiie troth*
Tha Indian retailed, that he did not ImaBhio
thai he had been faaptiaad^ to aweir Mke the
Chriatiana. Tha jadge than deafarad Urn to
swear by his own gods, die Sun and Moon,
and by the Inca. You aM miStatoa, said he,
if yon think that I wiD proftae thoae aaand
names; they are never to be mentionad bat ia
adoration* Ton ought to be contented with
my word; but»ifyou are not, I wiH swear by:
the earth, and wish it may open andeagnl^
me, if I do not tell the truth. The judge aaid
he would be e<mt«ttt if the euraea would re-
ply to Ihe questions put to him.— But that
w31 not aatisQ^ me, said the Indian, I will
relate to you all I know r^^arding those mar-

Digitized by

Google

iXn.^ MEALS. VISITS. IM

ders.'* — VegUf Book ii. C%.iii. The MeafieoM
also had a serupuUm$ regard/or truth. — Clam-
gero, I 329.

: The diniiig how of the locas and their ^
jnts Wis bd^ecn eight and nine in tibe momr
hig. The supper was a U|^ iiie*l taken l^
fine Axtk. These were their only tepastst
dniing whieh they did not drink; but after
supper the rich passed the lestof the erenis^
in that indti^^enee; the people of h>w eondi*
tion, even if persons of ipropeiiy, were of tao
amricioos a character to incur that esqpense.**^
Vega, ii. & -

When an inferior linnale visited a Palla or
hdy of nqral rae^ she requested pennission to
hare some work to perform during the visits
that she nigfat thus show her humility. Tl|e
Palla, to do her guest honour, supplied her
with some of her own, or her daughters work;
not to level her with the domestics. These
mmks of rei^ect on the one hand, and con-
descension on the other, prevailed through aD
ranks, from the Inca, down to the rustic.—*
Vega^ Book iv. Ch. xiv.

Digitized by

Google

144 : LANGUAGE OF CUZCO. iPhJL

liongnage.

With respect to the language of Peru, there
was a general of court language, that of Cuzco,
which all the nations, subject to the Incas,
were^ obliged to learn: but the InciEus them-
selves spoke a language qf their aitm^, which
the people were not permitted to learn, because
it was esteemed divine. 2%^ last tongue was
entirely lost soon after the conquest by the
8paniardsf. The Mongols, Sir William Jones
conjectures, had not the art of writing, whai
Genghis first arose to £une^. The Incaa had
no written character, but used knots called
^pdposy and therefore, the language which was
spoken by themselves, will perhaps never again

* The reader will find in Ch. III. that Mango and
his wife had Mongol names.

t Oaxdllasso de la Vega, Vol ii. p. 150, Pmkertm
peog. Vol. iL p. 684^ says—" The language was called
the Quichua, and is studied by the Spanish clergy^
for the purposes of conversion.'*

t Discourse V.

Digitized by

Google

«.//.] NUMEROUS MONGOL WORDS. 145

be known. '^ In eighty-three American lan-
guages, examined by Messrs. Barton and Y ater,
a hundred and seventy words have been found,
the roots of which appear to be the same. Of
these, a hundred and two resemble the Mon-
gol, Mantchou, Tungouse, and Samoyede; and
sixty-eight, the Tschoud, Biscayan, Coptic, and
Congo.** — Humboldt, Vol. i. p. 19.

The variety of languages in Peru was very
great — Vega, Vol. ii. p. 150*.

^ According to Clavigero, the Mexican
tongue wants the consonants h, t,f, g, r, and s,
m which ra^pect only, though unobserved by
that author, it strictly coincides with the Peru-
mnf^ except that the latter, instead of the s, is

* "In New Spain, except about Mexico, every ten
or twelve leagues, they have a contrary speech* — Hack"
luyt,Vol.m.p.iG9.

t If this observation be true, it is not an indifferent
pvoof of Tartary having, from. the, eariiest. ages, been
the country which has supplied those two empires with
their population. The similarity in the persons of al-
most dl the Indian Americans, is another strong rea-
son for that supposition.

Digitized by

Google

146 QUIP08. ARITHMETIC. ICMM.

said to want the n, a mere difference of eDOA-
ciation. The wild enthusiasm of Clavig^ro
compares the Mexican with the Latin and
Gre^k; though^ sa like as he to Herodotna.
Some of their words are of sixteen syllables* —
PinkerUmy Vol. ii. p. 605. Some authors have
strangely asserted, that the Americans could
not count above three. The word Justice, in
the Mexican tongue, is, TUmdahmieaekkdhuir
UMtlif—8ee, on this subject, Clatigero,ii. 398.

Qiiipos. — ArUimetic.

At the conquest by the Spaniards, the Peru-
vians made no use of any kind of character or
writing: their rasters and accounts were kept
by strings, with knots upon them of different
colours; yellow to represent gold, red for sol-
diers, white for silver; blue, green, &c. Acos-
ta saw a woman with a handful of these strings^
which she said contained a general confession
of her life. They had cheers, called quipo-

Digitized by

Google

CkM.I CHINESB SWAN-PAN. Uf

eamojfM, who were registrars and accompt*
ante*.

In the general wrecks at the Spanish con-
qnest the knowledge and use of the quipos was
lost, and no information has been derived from
themf.

Before the introduetion of hieroglyphical
pdnting, the nations of the vide of Mexico
made we of ^me quipos, and they are found
amopg the Camtdum^; also among the Chi-
nese, till the seventh century; at about which
period they were also superseded in themle i^
Mexieoyby hieroglyphics. According to the tra-
ditions collected at Lican, the ancient capitiU
of the kingdom of Quito, ti^ quipos were
known to the Pumays, long before they were
subdoed by Maneo Capac J. ^ lliey hone anuh
Mtff AtMi;? of quipos, with grams of maize, with
which they will cast hard accounts, such as

♦ Aeosta in Purdias, VoL iii. p. 1088.

t Robertson, Vol.u. p. 305.

X Humboldt,Vol. i. p. 168. The reader, who \b cu-
rious on this subject, is referred to Vega, BookvL
Chap. in.

Digitized by

Google

148 CITYOFCUZCO. [C*.//.

might trouble a good aritlmietician in the di^
visions*.— -PwrcAflw, Vol. v. p. 936.

CUMCO.

In an the dominions of the Ineas, Cusco
Wis the oidy place tiiat had the appearance, w
was entitled to the name, of a city; a dream-
stance which suggests the idea of a society in,
the first stages ^f its trandtion firom barbarism
to ciyitizationf .

^' Cuzco was founded by the first Inca, and
was divided into high and low Cuzco. Those
people whom Mtmgo Capae had hr ought with
hm, were to reside in high Cuzco, and those
who had accompanied his queen, were to people
the lower towni^. The 6bject of thif arrange-

* The last u probaMy the exact Swan-pan, still used
by the Chinese, with which — " they can cast up the
most considerable sums faster Ihan Europeans.** — Du
Halde,rol.n.pA26.

t Robertson, Vol. ii. p« 332.

t It is highly iirobaUe, that the appearance at the
lake, was a concerted plan between the Inca and some

Digitized by

Google

t»L//.] WIDE STRBBT6. SQUARES. 140

meat was to leave to posterity a knowledge
that the king had gathered togellier one part
of the inhabitants^ and the queen the other; in
all other respects^ they were equally tinder the
patenal care of the Inca.

The first houses were built at the foot of the
hill SaeMkuamam. Mango's successors tson-
stroctedthe high fortress on the top of the hill,
wmoiintain; which the Spaniards demolished.
Mango's palace stood in the quarter called Col-
cainpatia. ^ I remember," says Veg^ A.D«
1550, " to have seen near it, a kind of iq»cious
hall, in which the principal fiBtes were so-
lemnized when they fell on rainy days. When
I left Cuzco, this was the only building which
was entire; thoe being nothing but the ruins
of the palace. The city was divided into four
quarters, like the empire, for the residence of
the inhabitants from each government. The
streets were wide, and the squares very large.

of his .people, who arrived with him. — 'Supposing
him a son of Kublai, his attendants would of course
aeknowledge and obey him as a child of the jSun.

Digitized by

Google

150 TEMPLE OF THE SUN. [CA.//.

The governors had each his own imtd^ in
which he tended while at court; and thus,
CxjOBOb was a kind of epitome of the empires
every nation being distinguished by some mark
or ornament on the head^ and dressed in the
mode of their own country. Just beyond the
quarter oalled Pmtaeht^km, or lion's tail, there
is a veiy hurge street> now oafled St. Augustin^
which ^tt^ds north and souths from tiie houses
of the fitst Inca, to the Phce Rimac^panqva.—
Many noUe Spam'ards^ in my time, lived in tins
division; among the rest» Jean de Sallas, the
Inquisitor-general.

The space nasMd Carietmeka, which means
of grid, sflver, and jewels, is where the temple
of the Sun is situated; it is called Yntipampa,
or Place cf Ike Sum^.

TheMnple Was founded by Mango Cicpac,
but its chief glory belongs to Inoa Yupanqui,
who endowed it with riches and splendour siir-

* The moat flqpkndid temple was in an ialaiid in lake
Titiaoay where Mango first appearedL All the riches
of the teaqple were thrown into the lake on the Spanidi
invaiuon. — Pinkcrtony Geog. VoU iu p. 668.

Digitized by

Google

CLIL^ SPLENDID GOLDEN IMAGE. 161

pflmag hunm bdit f. WhU we call the altar,
was on the east side of the temple. The roof
was of stroi^ wood^ and was covered with
thatch* The four walls of the temple were
eoTered over with plates of gold. On the
great altar ntood a representation of the Sun,
in doubly thick gold, and richly set with jewels.
The visage was round, environed with rays
and flames, in the same manner as it is usually
seen painted. It was so immensely large, that
it reached almost from one side of the temple
to the other. It was made thus grand and
resplendent, because the Indians had no other
idoL It was so placed, that the Sun, on rising,
cast lis beams iq^on it;* whidi were reflected
with such refu^^oe, that it seemed to be an-
other Sun« At the sides of this image weie
Qie bodies of the deceased emperors, ranged
according to their antiquily; and so perfectly
embahned and preserved, that they f^^^eared
as if alive. They were seated upon thrraes
of gpld, which were placed upon tables of
the same metal. The visages of the Incas
were as if loddng on the floor of the temple;

Digitized by

Google

15S BODIES OF THE INCAS. lCk.II.

with tiie exeeptiaa of Huayna Gapac, the most
udored of all the chttdren <^the Smi; who, finr
hi$ eminent virtues, even from hia infiuic^,
waa diatingaiahed by being aeated directly op-^
posite the gloriolia star. When the Spianiarda
took CuJEOOj the bodies of the Incas were care-
fully concealed.

This image of the Sun fell by lot to a Ca^
tilian gentleman, named Maneco Serra de Le-
quicano, who was living when Y^^a left Poo.
He was very fond of {day, and lost this grand
prize in <me night. His fether was president,
and seeing how much his son was given to
gamUing, he appointed him in the magistracy;
which entirely, reformed him, and he was struck
with remorse at his former conduct: a proctf
that idleness leads to vice, occupation to virtue.

There were many doors to the temple, all
of which were plated with gold: and the four,
walls, the whole way round, were crowned with
a richgolden garland, more than an ell in widths

Round; the temple there were five square
pavilions, whose tops were in the form of
pyramids. One of them was ornamented witk

Digitized by

Google

CA.//.] TBBffPLE OF THE MOON AND STARS. 16S

a figure af the moon, with a femde visage, as
the Birter and wife of the Snn. All the deoor^
ations were of silver. The bodies of the do-
ceased empresses were ranged like those of
the Incas: the mother of Huayna Capac her
ing placed opposite the moon's image.

The next pavilion was also decorated with
sUvw. It was dedicated to Yenus, and the
Pleiades, with the other stars*, which weretdl
represented on the ceiling, and were consider-
ed as dedicated to the service of the moon, not
bdng visible during the day. Another pavil-
ion was consecrated to thunder, lightning, and
thunder-bolts, which were considered as ser-
vants of the Sun, and therefore the ornaments
were all of gold. The fourth was dedicated to
tlie rain-bow, as emanating from the Sun*
The fifth was lined entifely with gold, and was
for the use of the royal high priest of sacri-
fices; and in which all the deliberations con-

* The Mexicans had temples dedicated to the Sun,
Moon, Venus, and other planets and stars. — Clavigero,
Yol.i. 365,938.

Digitized by

Google

Iff* LIMA AND CUZCO, A. D. 1593. ICLII.

ceming the temple, were held, in Ciusco,
near the schools which had been founded by
Inca Roca, was the brick palace of the Inca
Pacha Cutec; it was so beaotifhl and large
that it could not be beheld without admiration.
Some of tiie doors led to the schools, where the
Incas listened to the debates ol the philoso-
phers; and sometimes, themsdves, explained
the laws and ordinances V

• Vega B. L Ch. xvi. B.iiL Ch. xxi. B. vii. Ch.
viii. — xiL Acosta, B. v. Ch. xii.. John EUisi who
was wiih Sir Richard Hawkins, in 169S, describea
Cuoco^ then, as being without a wall, and as krge as
BristoL Lima, which was founded by Pizarro, vx
1535, imder the name of Ciudad de los Reyes, is de-
8Ci9>ed by Ellis, in 1593, as being nearly as big as
LondoB within the waUs, the houses built of loam, and

near a hundred thousand negroes in it. Purchas,

VoU V. p. 948. Even the word slave was not known in
die entire of the Iacas.«^Fd^a,Fb/.L/^346*

Digitized by

Google

CUI.2 FIFTBIN HUNDRID VIBOINS. 156

Virgins dedicaiM to the Stm.

Ik Ouzoo^ there was a quarter caUed Adkh
km, or House of the Stars, near the temple of
the Svoks where the eoavent of St DoHiinie
Qowrtands.

The virgins were ohoseB^ whea under eight
yearn of age, fw the beauty of ihmr pwsans,.
and Itie respectability of their birtk Those
for the service of Cuxco were always ctf the
royal blood; and there wwe more than fifteen
hundred, the number not being limited. Some
performed the office of abbesses, others were go*»
vemesses of tiie novitiates, ainl instructed them
in divine worship; besides which they taught
them to spin, to weave, and to sew: they used
for needles, the long thorns found upon a thifr^
tie whidi grows among the rocks^. Others
attended to the household affiurs.

* So expert vf^re the Indians in mending holes in
their garments, that the part could afterwards scarcely
be seen, however large. They used hdlf a gourd as a
frame for their work. Vega.VolX p. 3ffl . Their

Digitized by

Google

^ IM GRAMDlBSTABLKHMBNT. iCk. 11.

Neither men nor women were permitted to
enter the great enclosure^ where the virgins
lived. The emperor was the only exception;
but he did not avail himself of his privil^;e,
that no other person might hazard the attempt
to break the law. The Coya, or empress, and
her daughters, were theref<^e the only beings
who ever entered the AcUahua.

Leading to this building was a long gallery,
wide enough for two persons to walk abreasf;
imd chambers on the right and leftfor five biin-
dred virgins, who were in the service of the
establishment) but were not required to be o^
royal blood; and the last door, at the bot*
torn, led into the apartment of the virgins
of the Sun. There was a principal door, which
was never opened except to receive her majesty,
or the virgins of the Sun on their admission.

The finest dresses of the Inca and his Coya,
besides those used in the sacrifices to the Sun,
were made here by the chief virgins. They al-

wooUen cloths were fine, well made, and died of various'
colours, like those of Flanders.-— |?«4£L

Digitized by

Google

CA.//.] ROYAL DRESSES. GOLD CAULDRONS. 157

80 made tte square pursesi which the emperors
wear, to hold the euca (coca) leaves; wMch,
when dried, are much esteemed; A person'
chewing these is so strengthened, that he can
go. a whole day without food. The tree is
about the siase of a vine, with few brandies, and
many leaves, which are as broad as the thumb,
half its length, and extremely thin*. So sa-
cred were all those things which were made
by the hands of the Virgins of Cuzco, that they
coidd only be given to, or be worn by, the de-
scendants of the Sun.

An the household vessels, even the caul-
drons, vases, &c. were made of gold and silver;
and they had a garden, in which the trees,
plants, flowers, herbs, birds and other ismimals,
were all curiously made, after nature, of those
precious metals.

If it happened i;hat a virgin of the Sun broke^
her sacred vow, the law was, that she should
be buried afivef, and that her gallant, his wife.

♦ Vega, Vol. L pp. 290, 332-388.— VoL n. p. 81 1.
t This was also the punishment at Rome.

Digitized by

Google

108 SAGRBD VOW NEVER MOKEN: [CA./7.

all his relaticms and domestical and all the m*
habitants of the town where he livedo should
he hanged, aoad the town he razed, its site
strewed with salt, and remain for ever a desert,
and he accursed, r

In other parts of the empire, heautjr was a
su£Eioient qualification for the virgina of the
temples. From these the Incas made dioice
of tibose whom they esteemed the handsomest,
to be their mistresses.

in case of adultery, the same rigorous law
applied to these, as to the royal virgins of the
Sun: but so great a crime has never been
known to have been committed; it was too
certain, that the laws of the Incas would be
executed.

On a report that an Indian had dishonored
Atahualpa, by a criminal intercourse with one
of his mistresses, that Inca, who was th^i in
prison, declared to Pizarro, that he felt this out-
rage more keenly than his confinement, or even
death itself ^

* Vega, Book iv. Ch. iii. iv.

Digitized by

Google

GUI.} WISE AND HDMANB LAWS. 159

Some Laws ^tike Imaa.

When a euraca, or other person revolted, or
eoiQmHted any crime which merited death , par*
don was nerer granted.

The property of a criminal was never oon-
fiseated, nor did his £Eunily suffer in any man-
ner for his fimlts.

When a jndge passes a sentence^ according
to the ordinances of the Incas, with the appriH
hation of their council, he must see it executed
in five (btys, under pain of death; no appeal
being permitted.

Should any case of extraordinary atrocity
happen, it must he tried by the judge of the
capital town in the province.

Each moon, returns are to be nnde by each
ji^ge to the one who is hte immediate supe-
rior, and so on, till they reach one of the vice*
roys of the four divisicms of the empire: thus
every one will be excited to the faithful dis-
charge of his duty. These returns are s^it to

Digitized by

Google

160 SEVERITY. FEW CRIMES. [ChM.

the Inca and his councU^ in the most correct
manner, by means of the qmpos.

Should disputes arise respecting the bound-
ary of a province, or a kingdom, a royal prince
is deputed to decide it with justice; Imt if the
case be a very difficult one, judgment must be
suspended till the Inca himself passes that way»
— Vega^Booku. CSl.xiii.

"^ The laws of the Incas, derived solely from
the light of reason, were so just, that th^
equalled or surpassed those of Japan, Chma,
or of the Greeks and Romans, who were learned
in science and literature. The certainty that
the law would be executed, rendered crimes so
uncommon, that a year has passed without a
capital punishmrat bdng inflict^ throughout
the whole empire."*— Vega, VoL i. p. 166.

The poor who were blind, dumb, maimed,
aged, or diseased, were fed and clothed out of
the public magazines; and to enable then to
forget their suffisrings, they were permitted
occasionally to be present at public festivi-
ties.

Not any of these, nor even children after

Digitized by

Google

CkJL^ INDUSTRY. ABUNDANCE. 1§1

fire years of age^ were permitted to be idle, but
were required to be kept in employment suita-
ble to their powers.

- The temples and private dwellings wei« tS-
sited by persons appointed to that duty, !to see
that household arrangements, cleanlftiess, and
tlie proper instradmn of children, were attend-
ed to: praises or stripes were awarded aecovd-

By this indujrtry, food, and otiier necessaries
of life, were alwajrs found in the greatest abun^
dance. But these laws and customs are gone
by, and it may be said, that the natives are
again in a barbarous conditicm.— ^ Vega, Book v;
C5fc.xi.

The eighth law i^equired, that the judges, re^
ceivers, and accomptants, should meet annualr
ly in the capital of each province; and, in the
presence of the viceroy and the curaca, arrange
the tributes, making deductions ibr jouniies
and other services* performed for the state.

The stores in the magazines were accurately
registered; food, clothing, anps, gold, silver,

M

Digitized by

Google

l^ MOnBRlT&TBlBUTB. ICk^ll.

0€fq[mv wd jem^ always bctaigiiig to ^

By the ninth law, jeweli^ gaU* c^imm fiMT
difmg^ iMlMt»» and other pMcioita cmnoMdi-
tiast wera to he pnacatodttuuiaBy to the JmeK
hy the eoncaa; and whan a certain portioK
waa aalMted fw the fo jaI eetaUiahnetti^ the
reawM wwe diatrUmted asMog the donois;
who could not make use of such artidea, with-
out the penniafi»on of hia nuQesty, thoui^ their
own tenritofias produced them*

Some paid tribute faj labour^ in the coih
atrueting and paving of roada, the building m
repairing the templea of the Sun» palaces and
magazines. The canals, bridges, and roadii^
were repaired annually. So numerous was the
populaiioB, that these tasks were not heavy;
and so good were the laws, that they were con-
firmed by ths king of Spain.

The tribute to the Inca was so trifling, that
many Indians did not pay more tlian the value
offirarreals*

Princes, priefti^ military officers, governors^

Digitized by

Google

CUI.J DISTRIBUTION OF LABOUR. 16S

soldien in seryicei sud all men imder twenty-
fi¥e» or altfyfe fiftj years of age, were exempt;
and aH of the female sex.

The labour of tiie hands, or the duties of of^
fiee, eooM never he commttted f6r tribute,
however high the nmk of any one: mid each
individual was confiiied to hh own^ partknlat
trade or pusnit*? eoteqpt in cahivtttfng the
fand, or serving in the army; which were com*-
mon to«alL Pre^enU to the Inca were to con*
sist of the productions of the prwmee (^ the
contributor.

Gold, silver, and copper, were to be served
out to the artkmn in those metals; wool and
cotton, to the weaver; colours, to the painter,
ftcw Three months' laboor in these thmgs
were required by law, but more might be ap«
pfied> and be deducted from the follow kg year.
Durng this labour, th^ imre supjdied with
fiml and clothings and medichie, by thestate.

* This arrangement was not so complete as is here in-
tlnated.— iS'e^ Aeosia m Purckas, Vol. v. p. 935. Ro*
bertMn,Vol.mp.323.^

M2

Digitized by

Google

104 EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE. \Ch.IL

as were Uieir families also, who were' permits
ted to assist them. Thus, their annual task,
by the help of the whole family, might be exe-
cuted in a week or two, and they were dis-
duurged ixst that year. This latter arrange-
ment was extremely pleasing to the Indians.—*
Vega, Book y. CA.xv.xvi.

Old people, who were maintained at the
publie expense, were employed to drive away
the birds from the fields that were sown. —
rol.ilp.iZ9.

Extent qfihe Empire.

' When the Spaniards arrived, the empire was
bounded on the north by the river Ancasmayu,
between Quito and Pasto; on the south by the
river Mauli, which runs to about lat. 44f; on
the east by a chain of mountains, covered with
snow, which reaches from Santa Martha to the
Straits of Magellan; and on the west by the
sea. The breadth is from seventy to a hun-
dred and twenty leagues; its length one thou-

Digitized by

Google

CA.//.] DURATION OF THE EMPIBB. I6S

ftand three hundred leagues*. — Vegiij Book i.
Ch. viii.

Duration qf the Empire of the Inccu.

No two authors agree on this point: Garcil-
lasso de la Yega, and others, are never certain
as to the duration of the reigns of the monarchs ;
and Vega seems always inclined to make them
appear as long as glorious: his conjecture is
four hundred years, but he does not mention
to what period he calculates. — SeeVega, B. ii.
Ch.i.

The compiler of the article ** Peru,'' in Rees^s

* The length, allowing forty degrees, makes only
eight hundred geographical leagues; therefore, Vega
must be supposed to make his estimates by the travel-
ling roads. Acosta says, the empire was one thousand
two hundred leagues in length. — Purehas, Vol. v.
p. 93S. Robertson, Vol. ii. p. 163, says, the sea^coast
of the empire extended above one thousand five hund-
red mUes; but the limit of the empire in Chili, is not
exactly described.

Digitized by

Google

106 DURATIOM OF THB EMPIBB. [CiL/r.

CydopaiflUa, cdcukdiiig the dnratum of eadi
reign at twenty years^ makes it three hnndied
years for fifteen Incas; bat as Urco^ who is
named as reigning eleven days during the civil
war, 18 included; and as Hnasca and Atahual-
pa, who contested the supreme power, are
recfcmied as two reigns, the dnratioo accord-
ing to that oompotation wis two hundred ^aad
sixty years only.

'^ It is hardly necessary to observe, that tho
PCTuvian duronology is not only obscure, but
repugnant to coneluaons deduced from the
most accurate and extemdve observatiotti, con-
cerning the time that elapses during each re^
lit any given succession of princes. The me-
dium has been found not to exceed twenty
years. According to Acosta and Garcillasso
de la y ega, Huajma Capac, who died about the
year 1627, was the twelfth Inca. The dura-
tion of the Peruvian monarchy ought not to
have been reckoned above two hundred and
forty years; but they affirm that it had sub-
sisted four hundred years. By this account,
each reign is extended at a medium to thirty-

Digitized by

Google*

CJL//.] DURATION Of THE EMPIRE. 167

three years instead of twexkty, which is the
number ascertained by Sir Isaac Newton's ob-
servations; but so imperfect were the Peruvi-
an traditions^ that though the total is boldly
marked, the pumber of years in each reign is
unknown*."

If we adopt Sir Isaac Newton's opinion, as
the most probable calculation, it agrees very
exactly with the Chinese history, which d&tes
the invasion of Japan in 1289. The Japanese
annals agree widi thoUe ei China. From that
year to the death of Atahualpa, in 1533, is two
hundred and fifty years; which, as fitr ad the
chronology is of importance to confirm the
identity of the Mongols and the Incas, is very
leatiarkably satis&otory.

* RobertsdH VoL iL mle Is.

Digitized by

Google

108

CHAPTER III.

Identity of the Mongols and Incas of Peru.

Mango Capac. Persons and Dress.

Insignia of the Sun Sf Lion. Religion :

Pacha Canute. Solemn Festival of the

Sun.- Hunting Circles. Army and

Arms. Agriculture^ Architecture^

Mango Cafac.

J.N the present investigation, the name of the
mysterious descendant of the Sun and Moon,
who became the first Inca, is of considerable
importance. By Sir William Temple the name
is always spelt Mango*. It is thus spelt by
UHoa, YoL ii. p. 106: and by Acosta, in Pur-
chase Vol. V. p. 031. Robertsoaand many other

• See his Works, Vol. iu. p. 337.

Digitized by

Google

CiL/7/.] MANGO A MONGOL NAME. 160

Idstorians spell this name Maneo. Gfarcillasso
de la Vega says^ that it is a word for which
there is not any meaning in the language of
Peru; this is remarkable, as the names of the
Incas had a signification* in the Permrian
tonguef .

• Vega,VoLi.p.70,9r.
. t Mango is a Mcmgol name. Mango was grandson
of Genghis Khan^ and brother of Kublai : and his name
is thus spelt by DuHalde^ Vol. ii. p. 251; byMaundevile,
iw S75L Mango was Crrand KJian till 1^7, when he was
killed at the siege of Ho-cheu in China^ {Sir W. Jones^
VoLi. p«101. Marco Polo, note S81. De la Croix,
p. S99)> and was succeeded by his brother KublaL He
conquered and ravaged Thibet. — M^ Polo, p. 412^ and
Purehas, Vol. m. pp. 49, 78*

His name is spelt Mangu by Polo^ p. 17^ Mangou
by De la Ctmi. Marco Polo^ p« SOO, writes Mongu.
Thes^ are the Mongol modes of spelling.

-The Chinese juronounce the jf hard; foif Bengal,
they write Pen-ko4a. — Modem Univ. Hist. Vol.n.
p. 887. The Peruvians have not the letter g in their
tongue.-^ F^jrn, Vol ii. p. 164. These are sufficient
reasons for Vega and others writing 3faisco. The
Japanese annals jelate that, '' the Tartar General
Mooio a(ppeared on the coast of Japan, with four
thousand ships, and two hundred and forty thousand
men.** — Kcsmpfer, p. 187. We find the name spelt
Mongko, in a note in Du Halde, ii. @51. The Grand

Digitized by

Google

ITO PERSON OF MANGO. [CA. in.

This child of the San was at ffirrt called Man.
go Inca (by many spelt Ingiia) ; the latter word

Khan Kubfad^ had twenty-fiye sons by his concubinesi
aU of whom were placed in the rank of nobles^ and
were continually employed in the military profession.
— Polo, p. 286. Thus it appears highly probable that
the first Inca of Peru was a son of the emperor Kub-
laL It is not likely that the sons by the concubines,
being destmed to a military life, would be educated in
ibe same manner as the le^timate sons, who were ap*
pointed viceroys and sovereigns in die vast emi»re of
the Orand Khan. Kujblai was the son of Tuli, who
was the son of Gce&ghis: Tuh was bomof Pnrta Cou*
gine, the &vorite wife of Qenghis; she was the dauglb-
ter of the Khan of Congorat, which territory is in lat.
61^ and some degrees west of Lake Ba&aL Marco
Polo, p. 281, describes Kublai, *' of the middle stature,
hb limbs well formed, and his whole figure of a just
proportioiu His complexion is £ur, and occasionally
suffiised widi red, like the bright tint of die rose,
which adds much grace to his oounteaance; his eyes
are black and handsome, his nose well diaped and pro^
mmenL Kubkd had four or five hundred of the hand-
aoBMBSt young women sent every two years, from
the province of Ungut, ^Ustinguished for beauty of
features, and feimess of complexion. From Aete the
Grand Khan selected dtehasdaonestto beUsconco*
bines. Ungut is the country of the Ighurs." The
reader is refeired to die portrait of Mango Capac in
diis vdume, that he may compare it yMi this deserip^

Digitized by

Google

C*.///.] TITLE Ot MAHOOB WIFE. 171

means prince or emperor^ but was nsed also to
designate any one of the royal blood. Capae
was a title which Mango received from his
subjects, and which is described as meaning
splendid, rich in virtue; being eqnivalent to
august^.

The legitimate wife of the Inoa> "viho wM
faSs sister f, was called (hyu; which means
queen or empress; she was also named JlfMiMn»-
cfnk, as the mother of her relatioBS and snb^
jectsj. — Vega, i. 104.

tion of Kublai. There is certainly nothing in it to
weaken the conjecture that the Inca was a son of Kub-
lai: and Mango was the name of KuUaf s brother.

♦ V^a, BookL Ch.xxTL VoLiL 184.

t In die Ghreat Khan's country, they take to wife
their sisters on the fitther*s side, but not of the same
mother. — MaundevUe^p* SSn.

X In Pnrchas, Vol. iii, p. 797, 7»8, we read, " Lea?^
ing the Altine king, in five weeks we arrired in the
country of Sheremogula, where reignedi a Queem oaHt-
ed MancMkaf who gave us provisions and post, b
four days' travelfing-we reached the dommion of Catay>
caHed Crim. We went ten days akmg the great waffl
of stone, fifteen fiithcmis high, and saw pretty towns
and villages, belonging to Queen Manchika, and ar-
rived at die Gate.— p. 799. The Duchess Mancfaika

Digitized by

I

Google

172 DRSSS OF THE INCAS. [CT. ///.

JPffTsams and Dress.

The Indians of South America have no
beard, and the greatest alteration on arriving
at maturity, is only a few straggling hairs on
their chin*.

The giants who landed at Cape St Helen's
had no beards ; some of them were quite naked^
others, (Yega^Yol. ii. 392), were coyered with
the skins qf wUd beasts f.

and her son conmiand all the cities of Mugalla, ex-
tending to Catay. We did not see the king of Catay
but brought a letter to.TobolsIu'* This letter is dated,
A. D« 1619. The governors of Tobolsk, Ivan Koura-
kin, and Ivan Koboulitin, describe to his majesty the
Grreat Duke and Emperor, Michael Fedorovich, the
travels of two Cossacs, and the arrival of ambassadors
from North China, and the kmg of Altine. They
mention that no one at Tobolsk could read the Chinese
letter. — ^Thus the names of Mango and his wife are
so like those in Mongolia, that we may fairly presume
them to be the same ; and the law regarding sisters
completes this identificatbn.

* Ulloa, VoL L p. 223. Robertson, Vol. i. p. 290.

'f It b well known, that the Mongol nations have

Digitized by

Google

(7A. /U.] HAIR. TURBANS. 173

To distinguish the royal person. Mango
adopted the foUowing dress. —

1. To cut the hair short, especially over the
&ce, contrary to the Indian mode of wearing
the hair.

2. To wear a kind of cover, ornamented
with jewels, in their ears; which were pierced
for that purpose, and

3. A wreath called LkUu, woven, and of va-
rious colours, which went four or five times
round about their heads, and had the appear-
ance of a garland; in front of which, was a
flesh-coloured tuft*or tassel. The tuft of the
hereditary prince to be yeUow. The succeedr
ing Incas permitted those who were of the

very little beard.— ifee*' Cyc. " Mongols."* The Ko-
reiki have no beards, only a few loose hairs scattered
about the chin. — Strahlenberg, p. 458. It is observed
in America, that the Indians in general have little
beard: which supports the conjectures so often made,
of their being descendants from eastern Asia, probably
from very early times. The superior classes of Mon-
gols, by intermarriages with Persians and others, must
not be confounded with the common people, as to
beards.

Digitized by

Google

174 PLUMES IM THE TURBANS. iCUU.

xojral Moodi and seme ef the great lords, to
wear this tuft; but it was never to be of the
form or edam' o£that of the evapeatw^.

^ The two phnnes which the Ineas woi»>
were ends of the wings of the bird called
Ccraqumque, about Hie oze of a fidcon. The
wings are spotted black and white: the plumes
must be a pair, that is, a right and left wing.—
Those birds are found in the desert of Tillca-
mtta, thirty leagues firom Cuzco, at the foot of
tile great snowy mountain, in a smaU nuursh.
It issaid, that there are only two of these birds
ever seen at a time^ and that they are alwajft
ike same; they are therefore reyered as an em»
Mem of Mango Capac and bis wili^ smit from
heaven; and no other person than the Incas
can wear them. But I am assuredf , ( Fega,

* See Gentleman's Mag* for Dec« 1751. Vega,
Book i« Ch. xjdi.

t The artifice of the Incas^ and the dmplicily of
OarcillasBOy are equally obvious. The Inrd venerated
by the Moguls, (for saving Genghis Khan's life), is the
awl, as wiU appear in Chapter VUL to which the read-
er is referred*

Digitized by

Google

Bookifi^ CTkap. jxfm.), that tliere are uoaiiy
othen of the same kmd*/*

The Sun and Lion.

fur the portrait oi the first Inca, Mango Ca^
pac^ there is a representation of the Sun; and
upon the shoulder of the armour of all of them,
the head is obviously that of a lion.

'' You then enter the Liw*^ gate, for tk<m
animals were kept there to be tamed before
they were presented to the Incas. The streets
which led to the temple of the Sun, and to the

* With regard to the head-dresg, it is sufficieist to
itfer the reader to the portrsitscf the Ineas; and those
of Tam^daneand Jehanghir, in Plate IV. who wear suoh
fisathers, and are both descended £rom Genghis Khan.
The wnikrity is striking^ if aQowanoe be made for the
dijObuIfy the Ino«f would experience in procuring auita-
Uewislinfiw the turban. The Tartaxa, when d^ con*
qnered Chinai made regidationa regarding the euttmg
(tf the hair,-*-CrrojM?ri Vol. n. p. S94. And, to strength*
m the probability of Mango being one of KublaTa sonSy
yeff^ff was Kublai's inqperial cdbur, thou^ it has not
always been so in China. — tSee noie 610 in 3iar$dm*s
Marco Polo*

Digitized by

Google

176 SUM MSD UOV. {CKIIL

ivsidence of the viigins, were all held sacred.
That part at which you went oiit» was called
PMutpehnpfm, or the lum's tail, to show that,
likelhe city, (Cuzco), it was sacred to the laws
and to religion; and ccmparMe to the Uom m
cmnrage €md greaJtmuMj with r^^ard to its mili-
tary strength*. — Vega^ Book viL Ch. viii.

* It is wen known that the Sun has been the chief
object of adoration among the Peraans, and others;
but it is perhaps not so g^ierally known,that it hasbeen
the peculiar god of the Mogidg^ fronrlhe eajcliest times.

'' Alanza Khan had twin sons, the cme caUed Taiairy
firom whom the Tartars take their name^ and the other
Mogml^ Gt, more properly, MmmgH; between whcnn he
divided his dominions*

Moguls after a long reign, left four sons, the eldest.
Cam Khan, made his abode, during die summer,
about the momrtains of Ar-tag and Car^ag, nowcaB-
ed Uhig-tag and Kitsik-tag, betweei the Tobol and
the Ishim, in Siberia. — See Sirahlenberg,p. 4w

The great Ogus Khan was the son of Cara, by his
fttTorite wife. His countenance shme like the Sum.
He refiised his mother^s breast; and she dreamed every
night, that he said to her, '' Mother, return to the
tnie reHgiim, or I will not receive your breast, thou^
I should die." Whereupon the mother made a v6w
to wcHTship the true God; and he immediately sucked
her breast— ^farf QkoMt, Vol I p. 7— 1«.

'' Genghis Khan claims descent from the Sun and

Digitized by

Google

CkllL] SUN AND LION. |77

MeUgion.

'' Thb Indians, fsays Garcillasso the Inca,)

from Ogus; whose nation, from what follows, were pro-
baUy the Massagete of the Greeks.

" When you yourself are overcome with wine, what
follies do you not commit. By this poison you have
conquered my son; restore him to liberty, and depart
unhurt; or I swear by the Sun, the great Qod of the
Blassagetas, that^ insatiable as you are of blood, I will
gire you your fill of it.** — Speech of Tamyris to Cyrus.
Herodotus, CZio, ccxii.

These claims of descent were occasionally renewed.
'' Those who were most interested in the advancement
of Genghis Khan, have had the insolence to make him
pass for the Son of Qod ; but his mother, more modest,
said oidy that he was the son of the Sun. But noir be-
ingbold enough to aver that she was personally belov-
ed by that glorious luminary, she pretended to derive
this fiibulous honor from Buzengir, lus ninth prede-
cessor; and his partisans reported, that Buzengir was
the son of the Sun. His mother, havmg been left a wi-*
dow, lived a retired life ; but some tme after the death
of her husband, Donyan-Bjran, she was suspected to be
pregnant. The deceased husband's relation^ forced
her to appear before the chief judge of the tribe, for
this crime. She boldly defended herself, by declaring
that no man had known her; but that one day, lying
negligently upon her bed, a light appeared in her dark
room, the brightness of which blinded her, and that it
penetrated three times into her body; and that if she
• N

Digitized by

Google

17B SUN AMD UON. iCklJI.

not only adored the Sun as a visible God, but

brought not three sons into the world, she would sub-
mit to the most cruel torments. The three sons were
horn, and the princesa was esteemed a saint*

Buzen^ was married to Alancoua, from whom Gen-
ghis Khan was descended in the ninth degree.

The Moguls regard this &ble as a sacred truth;
and are persuaded that, by this miracle, aprince should
one day be bom, to avenge God on mankind for the in*
justice committed by them on earth ; and they beUeved
Genghis Khan to be that prince.*'— P<^^ de la Crdx^
Booki. ChA.

Tamerlane's mother was said to have had an intrigue
with the god of day. .

It is not known when the Moguls adopted the arms
of Sol in Leo. It is conjectured that the Persians re-
ceived it either in the seventh century, or when Hula-
koo, (Kublai's brother), who died in 1S65, destroyed
the Seljookian dynasty, who had it on their coins. —
See Sir J. Malcolm, u. 563. Sherefeddin, iL 255.

This exact similitude between the Incas and the
Moguls, is not in the least degree probable to be the
effect of chance, especially as the pmmaf (the cougouar
of Buffon), called Lion in America, is a cowardly ani-
mal, without the mane, of the may estic size of the
king of the brutes of the old world..-^<^ Rob^rUoih
Fol.up.260. And we have seen above, that the In-
cas allude to the corarage and power of the lion. Nor
could the Incas adopt it from the astronomical effect of
fifol in Leo; it would not be applicable to their geogra-
phical aituatioa in the eouthern hemisphere} but, in the

Digitized by

Google

CLIIL^ SUN AND UON* - 179

thtir Imigs the Incas, and the amairttt (phaoso-

northern, brought all the divine benefit of his presence.
We find allosions to the Sun and Lion m the capital
1^ the Moguls.--'^ We reached Tauningsbg, (Ok>ug^
yoort), in Mongolia^ an oM ruined city. There are in
H two towers, or turrets; the largest was an octagon, ve-
ry high, the firoolof whidi w&s bu9t with brick* About
ttti fiithomsfrom the ground, there was, on each of the
dght sides, stones placed, on ii^iieh wtfve Oiirted 4eiv^
nl faistcxrietf. Upon sott^ 6f theail ai^ exhibited
great personages, or kings, as big as the lift, rittittg with
^hr feet wttder them, and attendants at each side of
AeoL Others riiow «fs scvend figures, which seem to
fepxttseiit quMM fbl^ng Aelr ha»id« together, with
their servants on each side ; the queers having crowns
OB their heads, and the others being adorned with myt or
lustres. Other parts reporesent warriors In the Chkiese
mamier, and die king, bare-headed, m the middle, with
m sceptre in his bittd^ AU the bystanders have hid-
0Q«s diabelioal visages^ A great mmty stoive statma,
as large as hfe, of men, idols, great stone AoiM, and toT'^
Uime» of an uncommon largeness^ were lyhigin iibte dty«
niepffoportiohofmany of the imag^ is so exactly cIk
sCTvedi, that they are like tkn perfbrmaMces of Europe
at masteffs^-^/iiraiiA't Ide^ A» HarrU, Voh % p^WI.
There were Europeans in the seftici^ of the Otand
Khasn. Keyiicr, Ae grandson of Genghis, removed
AeeotartftcmCttracormn to Okmgyourl^in l24MPr asid
hia fiither. Octal, successor to Gei^Us* bed genc^idly

*' Hetlf^f isattheheadofahoDdredtbousandmai,

N2

Digitized by

Google

180 - PACHA CAMAC. [Ck^IIL

phers,) had some idea of our sovereign Lord the
Creator, whom they call Pachacamac^. Pacha

has a goldai tablet, with an inscriptioii ' By the

power and might of the great God, be the name pf the
Kaan, (Kublai), blessed; and let all such as disobey
auffer death.' Under this is engraved the figure of a Uath
with representations of the ^imaiKlfTiaaii* * * * .

** At the celebration of the white feast, a Uon is coii*>
ducted into the presence of his miyesty, (Kublai), so
tame, that it is tau^^t to lay itself down at his feet** —
Polo^pp. 278, 380.

To some readers, part of this detail may appear su*
perfluous; but the writer deems this single prpoC of
identity almost condosive of the common origin c^.tbe
Moguls and the Incas.

The engrayed arms of the Moguls, in Plate It. tsoo*
pied from Purcbas's map to Sir Thomas Rowers Tra*
Tels, FoL up.67S» And the Persian Seal contains the
whole genealogy, from Timur to Jdianghir : the one en-
graved with the armfl# being the name and title of Je-
haoghir, who was the eighth in descent firom Timur*

* 'n^re is every probability of the words Pacba
and Camac being Mogul or Asiatic Wiords ; the men-
tion of the reinrdeer and lion in the following, is very
worthy of remiUrk. Pacha is said by Vega to mean
wo^ild axid sovereign.

** Anoblation of the blood of the Han, Eem-deer^
and the jbguman species, produces pleasure which laate
one thousai^ j^ears.*' • • •

'' By a humnn. sacrifice, attended with the foims
laid down, Devi is pleased one thousand years. By

Digitized by

Google

Ch.ni.} PACHA CAMAC. 181

signifies the world, and Camac is derived from
the verb cahtar, to animate; coma is the soul.
Hie Indians regarded Pachacamac as the sove-
reign creator and preserver of all thio^ here
below: they adored him in their hearts as the
onioiown invisible God; they, however, ndther

haman flesh, CamacAiyA, Chandica, and Bhairaya^
who aasumes my shape, are pleased one thousand
years." • ♦ ♦

** Let not &e learned use the ax, before they have
uiToked it by holy texts. Let those I now tell you be
jdned to them, and the ax invoked; and particularly
so, where the sacrifice is to be made to the goddesses
Dnrga and Camac-hya." • » •

'' The victim who is sinfid, or unpure with ordure and
urine, Cdmac-hjA will not even hear named.*'

From the Rudhiradhyaya, or Sanguinary Chapter,
translated from the Calica Puran. — Sir William Jones* $1
WorkSf Stq)plement, Vol. ii. p. 1057. In addition to
iHiich, we find in Vega, Vol. ii. p. 65/ that Chincha-
Camae means Creator and Protector of the Chinchas:
it therefore appears extremely probable that Pacha
means, as in Asia, sovereign, and that comae intimates
creator, or Ood. *^ Father Valverde assured Ata-
hoalpa, that Jesiis Qurist had created the world. I
know nothing about that, repHe4 the Inca, the Sun is
our god, and the earth is our mother; as for the rest,
it WIS Pachacamac' who created this great world from
nothing. — Vega, Vol. i. p. 115.

Digitized by

Google

182 SACEED AMTHEM. ICk. til.

built temples nor olfered racrifices in his name* ;
but whenever it was pronounced^ or tiiat of
the Sun, or of the kfaig, it was always with the
most reverential awe.** — Vega, B. ii. Ch. ii.

^ Songs in praise of the Sun and the Incas
were all composed on the word HayUi, which
signifies triumph in the Peruvian language;
the word Haylli was the burthen of every
verse. The air of their songs appeared so
agreeable to the master of the choir of the
cathedral church at Cuzco, that, in the year
1550, he adopted it on the organ, and compos-
ed an anthem in honour of the most holy sacra-
ment of the altar. Eight youths (metiffi, bom
of Spanish and Indian parrats,) nqr school-fel-
lows, sang the Haylli in the processions, ac-
companied by the whole musical choir. They

* Genghis Khan waa a deLat, but pennitted oditrt
to be of what reUgion thej pleased* " Some of bk
family woie Nestorians, others Mahomedans, Jews or
Idolaters; others, like him, were deists; fiur this sect
was more followed in Tartary than any otherw" — Peli$
d$ la OroiM.p. 80. The Yakutes of Ae Lena otbt
sacrifices to an invisible God in Heafen.— iSfroUm-
berg, p. 380.

Digitized by

Google

CUILl FBSnVAIiOrTHEgDN. 183

irere dxeeied alter tlie mnner of the oouniry,
and each earned a plough-share in his hand;
this having heen tiie song of the Incas, on the
agricultural cereBMBies; the Indians were es-
.oeediI^(^{r delighted at the Spaniards adopting
their song* in the winrahip <^ our God, (Vega
was a Christian), and whom tibey call Pachaca-
nac."^ — Vega, Book y. Ch. W.

Raymi\, or Solemm Festival qfthe 8tm.

Tbx nobles, gQvam(»ii, the. principal and
other eommanders, all endeavoured to*be pre-

• « Qgus, G^ij^'s ancestor, at one year of age,
mbaculouflly pronounced continually the word Allah!
AOah! which was the immediate work ofGod, who was
pleased that his name should be glorified by the mouth
q{ this tender iD&aj^''—AM Gkaxi Bahadur, Vol i.
p. 11, It ii highly probable thai this is the same as
the well knowti jHofiehyah.

t It is « cniiotts drcnmstatice that Rama, the Hin^
doQ god, is one of the bhacben of the Sun.-^r W.
/oim, L 398. '' l£s wife's name is Sita, and ft is
iwry remarkable 4«t the Peruriansy whose Incas
boasted the same descent, stile their great festiral

Digitized by

Google

184 FESTIVAL OF THE SUN. [CJL///.

sent at this, the grandest of the ybtr annual
feasts^ beld after the solstiee in Jnne*.

The Inca attended in person, as the high
priest and eldest son of the Inminary their God.
(They touch not their idols without t(^A»<^lin^i.

Purchoi, Fb/. v.f>.944f). The governors

were in magnificent dresses of the most fantas-
tic inventions; some were dressed in the skia
of a lion, the head of which served them as a

Bamaritoa. The Egyptian women, said the Bishop
of Landaff, made sacred cakes of flour, which they
otBeted to the queen of heaven at their principal sdar
fi^tivals, called Raymi and Citua. The Peruvian
women did the same. It is also a Hindoo custom, still
existing/'— ifee*V Cye. " RamaJ'

* This was natural in the narikem hemisphere*
The Incas continue the custom in the south, wh&a
Hmr god is at his greatest declination.

t The Great Khan maketh solemn feasts, princi-
pally/oi^ times in the ye^r ; at his birth, his presenta-
ti<m in the temple, when their idol is enthroned in
their temple; and the fourth b when their idol be-
ginneth to speak, or work miracles/ — Sir John Mam^
devile, p. S78. '« At the wMte feast, at the begin-
ning of the year^ die Grand Khan, and all his sub-
jects cbthe th^nselves in wJUte gKcmeaUiJ^^Mareo

Pohpf.saa,

Digitized by

Google

Ckltl.^ FESTIVAL OP THE SUN. 186

hdiiety to shew that thejr imitated ikat geiier-
<His amwBlyJrom whom, they stdd, they deeeend-
ed^. Oibers were decorated with stripes of
lUiiiig gold on their robes and caps. ^

Some were dressed as angek, with wings of
die condor, which extend fifteen feet

Those called Yw^eae wore horrible masks^
with ra|^^ skins on their hands, and, to the
dissonant noise of drums and fifes, threw them-
sdves into ridiculous postures, like maniacsf .

. * '* At the white feast, a tame licm is taught to lay
itKlf down at the emperor Kublai's feet.** — Marco
Polo, p. 380. The magnanimous brute of die old
wcMrld was not found in America. ** The pnma and
Jaguar, the fiercest beasts of prey in America, which
Europeans have inaccurately denominated Uons and
tjrgers, possess not the undaunted courage of the for-
mer, nor the ravenous cruelty of the latter. They are
inactive and timid, and ofien turn their backs on
the least appearance of resistance.** — Robertson^ Vol.
i p. 260* The puma, or ooogouar, resembles die
Carical, ot Persian lynx, more than any other animal,
it measures about five feet firom the nose to die tafl.
It is not probable diat the Incas would boast of being
descended firon such an ancestor; ai^ this is a strong
pioof of their Asiatic origin,
t These Yuncas bear a resemblance to the Shamans

Digitized by

Google

166 TmBBDAYBOPFASTINO. [f».i7/.

ThoM «f Mdi BftkiM apipeorad IB dieir dMV-
Mtaiiifcio ^nmotmUf and wutilDd mm. Mo
fire WM penritted finr time dBjB preyioiis to
S tiie feasts sad for Hmk time no Bourighmciit
waa allowed but raw maiae and water. The
night before the feasts the royid prieato pre-
pared the sheep and lamba^ with other provi-
iions and drink; for the aacrifice^ aoeoiding to

of ffibooMu '' Moit of die andait nathet #f S&eria
have conjurers^ whom they call Shamans, who pretend
to correspond with the devS. We saw a fiEonous woman
of this character. First, she Itfoui^ the sk0tfiat$, a
piece of wood cat sotiiewbat resembUag the humati
head, adorned with aOk and woollen rags, and a small
dnnuj with brass ripgs, also hung loiihd with rags;
she now began a dismal tune, beal^ time with a drum;
hex answeni to our <pie8tioiis were as amiHguoiui aa
they could have been fixun my oraok« * * •
Near the Baikal Sea> we saw a shaman distort hia
body into so miM^y different postures, till be wrooj^t
hin^elf up to such a degree of Airy, that he foamed at
the mouth; his eyes looked red and staring;, he fei) a
dancing like one distracted, and trad out the fire with

his bare leet." BeU qf At^emong, pp. IQi^ 192.

These Shamaiis have certainly a resemhlanoe te die
Yuncas* Thi^is worthy of notioevasth^exiitindie
▼ery place where Genghis Kbaa was bom»-*vSS» W^s
qnd Sports, p. 15.

Digitized by

Google

CUIL^ mCA«ADl>BES8TOTHE8UM. 187

tiie number present, fi3r idi ware to pilrtake;
and the vh^iins of the Sun prepared leorea of
bread, the size of an apple, of the purest flour,
finr the whole multitude: bread was not eaten
on any other occasion, except the festival of
Citua. When every thing was ready, the
Inca, and all of the royal blood, proceeded to
the great plaee in Cuseo, caHed Haucaypata,
and watched, barefoot, for the risii^ of the
Sun. At his first appearance, the/ feu on
their knees and extended their arms forward,
making a salutation with their lips; with pious
zeal acknowledging the great luminary as their
parent and their god*. The curacas were

♦ The Inca Tupac Ynpanqcd XI. said, ** Many be-
Beve that the Stm is a living body, and diat he creates
whatever exists. If this were Ihe tmlh, he would not
confine himself to the same eternal path. We must
consider him to be like an arrow, whidi performs the
duty intended by the archer who shot it ofEJ* — J^ega,
VoLmp.fSS. We may ima^e the veneration that an
Inca, who had not the understanding of Tupac Yupan-
qui, would have for their deity, at his rising on this
occasion, and darting his light upon an immense potish-
ed representation of himsetf, made of diick gold, with
a hce and rays so large as to cover the end of the

Digitized by

Google

188 WISDOM OP TUPAC YUPANQUI. [C*.///.

n^ct behidd the Incas, and perfonned the same
oeremoBies. Then the king, alone, rose up

temple. None but of the royal race was permitted to
IHKmouiice hifi name.

Milton's famous lines may, by a little change, be
adapted to this subject: —

O tfaott! that, witb siirp«niii|^ glory crown'd.

Who, firom thy sole domimoD» ut iht god

Of this new world; at whose nght all the stars

lUBi thdr diminished heads; thou good snpveaie!

Humbly reverent, I add thy sacred name,

O Sun I in adoration of thy beams ;

Father of light and Itfe, from whom we spring !

If Tupac Yupanqui could have . known the sise of
the earth, (two hundred and sixty-five billions, four
hundred and four millions, five hundred and ninety-eight
thousand, and eighty cubic miles), and that Jupiter is
above a thousand times larger; thatthe Sun is nearly
stationary, and nine hundred times larger than Jupiter,
and spins upon its axis at the rate of one hundred thou-
sand miles in twenty-four hours; and that the planets,
their satellites, and uiduiown hundreds of comets, re*
volve, in various periods, round the Sun, in imm^ise
orbits and eUipses, some of which are immeasurable;
and every one of them (it is presumed) spinning also
upon its axis; and moreover, that, if the solar system
altogether were to evaporate, it would not be missed
by an eye that could comprise all the heavenly bodies^

Digitized by

Google

CUII.^ A SACRED BLACK LAMB. 1«9

and took in his hands two g(dden vases fflled
with their ordinary drink. T)iat in the r%ht
was a libation to the Sun, the other fbr the
Incas; and the cnracas were supplied widi
drink, prepared by the virgins. Small images,
in gold, of sheep, wild animals and birds*, were
presented to the Sun.

The priests then advanced with numerous
lambs, and barren spotted ewes. Then a sacred
Hack lambf was offered; from which,^n im-

what would have been his yeneration, both for the ar-
row and the archer! Quipos would never have led to
dns knowledge: human ideas cannot adequately con-'
cehre it; atfd the author of the '' Night Thoughts**
has wen said, ** the undevout astronomer is mad.** All
astronomers would haye been deemed insane by the
Inca, if he had been told that the same archer has
shot off an ia&mtdy greater number of such arrows,
than darkened the air in the terrible struggle between
tl^ nughty Genghis and the king of Tangut, in whidi
more than four hundred thousand men fell.

^ These were probably quails, die Mexicans haying
presented quails to the Sun, and the Mongds treating
that bird with exemption, when a supply of game was
nequiied.

t Vega uses the word hmb, but there were no
sheep of the domestic kind in America. '* The mouf*

Digitized by

Google

ISO SACBinCB. AUGURY. [Ck.IIh

poitint ocoasions, the heari^ and lungs wera
|ilacked out: by the state of those organs, the
priests judged if the omen were favorable or
not When the presages were not favorable^
they sacrificed a barren sheep to avert wars.

flon, w^uch is found in the blue mountains^ is i[>erhap8
the arg^li of Siberia^ and came over the ice**' — Cwrier,
p. xliii. *^ When the festival-days of their idols draw
near, the baksis go to the palace of the Grand Khan
Knblaoi, aod tbm address him: '' SKare, belt knolm to
your majesty, that if the honors of a holocaust be not paid
to our deities, they will, in their anger, afflict us with bad
seasims, with blight to our grain, pestilence to our cat*
tie, and with other plagues* On tliis aooount we 8«p-
pGcate your majesty to grant us a eertaia number cf
sheep with black heads, in order that we may be
enabled to perform the customary rites with dud
id^ranity.'*— ilfarcci Polo, p. S6& It is probable that
the^ Incas^ in their sacrifices, Mibstitiited the victmna^ Of
the paco« " Sheep were not introduced into Peru,
tSl 1556, at which time they were sold for rixtynnx
dueatseach. Before die end of the sixteenth centniy,!
tiiey were so much multiplied, generally produdog two
kmbs, that wool was to be had at three or four reals
the aroba of twenty-^ve pouada.*' — Vega, Vol. vu 490.
• By Genghis'slaw XI* {Pe^ de la Croim,p. 88^
it was forbidden to cut the throats of the beasts a mat
should kiH; he miist tie the legs, rip up the bely/
put m \aM hand and pfaich out die heart**

Digitized by

Google

ckin.2 HinimiociRCLB. im

steriHfcj of the Unid, and the deftth of thdr
catfle/*-''

JSwKtifig Cirde.

The general huntings fonned a part of the
gnmdenr of the Ineas. ** It was forbiddei^
throoghont the empire^ to kiU any kind of

0

game^ except partridges, pigeons, doves, and
otiier birds for the tables of the king, and the
gdremors of provinces; and even this quanti-
ty was limited by law. These commands of
the Ineas were nevte infringed with impunity^

At a certain time of the year twenty or
thirty thousand Indii^is inclosed about twenty*
five leagues of country, partly bounded by
riters and monntaiiui. The hunters made such
a haOoohig and noise, that the animals were
alaraed^ and were soon completely closed in,
so tiuit not one could escape; and the beasts
were taken almost without resistanoe. Thus,
Uons, bears, foxes, lynxes, of two or three kinds,

* Vega, Bookti. Gb.,xx. zxL xxii.

Digitized by

Google

192 IMlfBNSITY OF GAME. IClLm.

and all such beasts oi prey, were extirpated.
Sometimes^ as many as forty thousand wild
animals, such as roebucks, fallow-deer, chamois^
guanacos, and vicunnas, were caught; but the
old ones only were killed. All the best males
and females were liberated. The guanacos,
and animals which bore wool, were shorn and
turned loose. An exact account of the beasts
killed or liberated was registered by means of
the qtdpos. The finest wool of the vicunnas,
was kept for the royal fiunily : the flesh of the
animals was divided in common. In order to
preserve the game, the general hunt was per-
mitted only once in four years, in each pro-
vince.

It was the maxim of the Incas to derive ad-
vantage from wild as well as from tame beasts,
since Pachacamac had created both for the use
of man. The viceroysof provinces observed the
same laws and regulations for the huntings*.'*
— Fisgra, Book vi. Ck. vi.

* *' By the tenth law of Gr^aghis Khan, no one, from
March to October, is permitted to take stags, deer,
roebucks, wfld asses, hares, and some certain birds; to

Digitized by

Google

CA.///.] MONGOL HUNTING CIRCLE. 193

Army and Arms.

In the war department of the Incas, each of-
ficer was subordinate to another^ the troops
were regist;ered by tens^ and commanded by

die end that the court and soldiers should find suffici-
ent game during the' winter, in the huntings they were
obli^(ed to. make." G:enghisy being at Termed, order-
ed a grand hunt. The master huntsman of the. emr
pire directed what circumference of ground they must
enccmpai/s, and the officers of the army were ordered
to foUdw the himtsmen, at the head of their troops*
They were ranged at. the place of rendiezrous in the
natmer of a thick h^4ge> sometimes doubling the ranks
about the circle, whfch is by the Moguls called nerke.
It was as much as a man's life was worth, to let a
beast escape out of the immense ring,, which inclosed
a great number .of woods and groves, and all the beasts
that lived in them. The master huntsman received
oiders from the Grand Khan, and carried them. to. the
•hunting officers, observing particularly where: the em-
peror's head quarters were. The commanders gave
directions to the captains; and at once the geqeral
maroh began, at the sound of kettledrums, trumpets,
and horns. The soldiers marched close together to-
wards a centre, driving the beasts before them. Th^
were armed as in warfare, vrith hehnets of iron, cross-
lets of leather, wicker .bucklers, .scinutafs, bpws and

Digitized by

Google

1 94 GREAT NUMBER OF WILD BEASTS. [CA. ///,

decurions. There were companies of ten, fif-
ty, one hundred, five hundred, a thousand, and

arrows, files, hatchets, clubs, cords, thread and pack-
ii^ needles. It was forbidden them to use thdr arms
agamst the animals, whatever violence was shown by
them, mider pain of severe punishment. They were
only permitted to shout and make a noise, to confine
th^si within the circle; for his majesty so ordained*
Thus they marched for some weeks, but coming to a
river they drove the beasts into it, and they swam
across. The soldiers seated themselves on leather
bundles, tied to the tails of horses, which were guided
over by a man who swam before them. When die
circle lessened, the beasts began to rush in all direc-
tions, the holes and burrows were filled with diem,
but spades, mattocks, and ferrets obliged them to
come out. As the circle diminished, the animals were
obliged to mix, and some became furious and toiled
the soldiers, who were obliged to keep up a shouting
and noise of instruments. It was found very difficult
to drive the beasts firom the mountains and forests.
Couriers from all quarters carried intelligence to the
emperor, who was vigilant that the princes and hunts-
men strictly followed his commands. Now the strong
wild beasts leaped upon the weakest and tore them in
pieces; but their fury did not last long, for being
driven into a compass where they could all be seen,
the drums, timbrels, and other instruments were sound-
ed ; which, with the shouts of the army, so affirighted
them, that they lost all their fierceness ; the lions and

Digitized by

Google

ChJII.^ GENGHIS KHAN UPON A THRONE, 195

the first army was composed of ten thou-
sand.

tigers grew gentlei the bears and wQd boars, like the
most timorous beasts, seemed cast down and amazed.

This diminished space is called a Gerke. Now,
the Grand Eiian, holding in one hand his naked sword,
m the other his bow, a quiver of arrows hanging on
hk shoulder, attended by some of his soq$, and all his
general oflBcers, entered die circle to the sound of
trumpets. He hunself began the slaughter, striking
the fiercest beasts ; some of which became fUrious, and
endeavoured to defend their Hves. At last, he retreated
to an eminence, and seated himself upon a throne,
which was prepared for him. From thence he ob-
served the agility and strength of his children, and die
officers who attacked the noble game. No one avoid-
ed the dangers, well knowing that the emperor, by
their conduct, would judge of their merit. After this,
all the young soldiers entered and made a great
slaughter. Then his majesty's grandsons, followed
by young lords of the same age, presented themselves
before the throne, and made a speech, to desire that
the emperor would give the beasts that remained
their lives and liberty ; which was granted, and all that
had escaped the scimitars and arrows fled to the forests
and dens. The Grrand Khan praised the valour of
Ins troops, and sent them back to their quarters.
Thus the hunting at Termed ended, which lasted four
months, and would have continued much longer, had
not the spring drawn near, and it became requisite to

02

Digitized by

Google

196 ARMY, ARMS, MUSIC. [CA.///.

The arms were pikes, halberds, clubs, battle-
axes (of copper, silver, or gold), bows and ar-
rows*, spears, javelins, slings, bucklers, and
swords called fnucana.

For music, they had drums, trumpets, flutes,
fifes, hautbois, horns, and atabals (timbrels ?)f.

pass over the Oxus, the Sultan Gelaleddin haviug got
together an army in Bactriana.** — Petis de la CroiXf
pp. 82^ 260. The Mexican huntings were also of the
same kind. — See Clavigero, Vol. i. 38S.

* ** Some tribes in South America use a hollow
reed nine fieet long, and one inch thick^ called a Sar-
bacane. In it they lodge a Bmall poisoned arrow, with
cotton wool wound about its great end, to confine the
air, so that they blow it with astonishing rapidity, and
a sure aim, to the distance of a hundred paces. The
Sarbacane is much used by the East Indians.*' —
Robertson, Vol. i. note Ixxix. It was in use with the
Mexicans. — Clavigero, Vol. i. 381.

' t Genghis Khan by Law VI. made a standing order
that the troops should be divided into tens, hundreds,
thousands, and ten thousands. — Petis de la Croix,
p. 81. In Genghis's life by de la Croix, we find that
the Moguls made use of iron helmets, bucklers of
wieker, scimitars, bows and arrows, hatchets, clubs,
•{p. 264), swords, {p. 19), iron maces, spears, {Marco
Polo^ p. 210), lances, nets to catch men, demi-sabres,
and half pikes*— Wars and Sports, 220, 221 , 222. The
arms and nets of the Mexicans were similar. — Clavi-

Digitized by

by Google

CUII.^ AGRICULTURE OF PERU AND CHINA. 107

— See Count CarU, Vol. i. p. 23. Vega, Vol. i.
pp. 176, 422,430,466.

Agriculture^

In the city of Cuzco, near the hiU where the
citadel stands, there is a portion of land, called
colcdmpata, which non^ are permitted to culti-
vate, except those of royal blood. The Incas
and the Pallas solemnized that day with great
rejoicings, especially when they turned up the
earth (with a kind of mattock). On this occa-
sion the Incas were dressed in their richest
jewels, and sang an anthem at the ceremony, so
much were they inspired*. -r-Mobertson, Vol. ii.
p. 315. VegOy Book v. Chap. ii.

gero, Vol. i. 367. The Mongols used drums, trumpets,
fifes, brass timbreh.-^Petis de la Croix, p. 160. Thus
the armies, arms, and music are as nearly alike as pos-
sible.

* A great festival is solenmized every year, in all
the cities of China, on the day that the Sun enters the
fifteenth degree of Aquarius. The emperor, accord-
ing to the custpta of the ancient founders of the Chinese

Digitized by

Google

198 STUPENDOUS ARCHITECTURE. [CA.///.

Architecture.

** Ruins of sacred or royal buildings are
found in every province of the Peruvian em-
pire. The temple otPachacamac, together with
a palace of the Inca, and a fortress^ were so
connected together, as to form one gteat struc^
ture, above half a league in circuit The waQs
did not rise above twelve feet from the ground.
The bricks or stones were joined with such
nicety, that the seams can hardly be discerned.
There was not a single window, and therefore
the apartments must have been dark, or illu«
minated by some other means.

Acosta describes stones, employed by the
Peruvians, thirty feet long, eighteen broad,
and six thick; and yet, he adds, that, in the
fortress of Cu2co, there were stones consider^
ably larger. In their buildings, no one stone
resembles another in dimensions or form; but,

monarchy, goes himself in a Bolenm manner to plough
a few ridges of land. Twelve iDustrious peraons «t»
tend and plough after hkn.— jDh Halde^ Vd. i. p* S7&

Digitized by

Google

C*.///:] MONSTROUS ROCK EEMOVED. 199

by perseyering industry^ they are all joined
with the minutest nicety. These are stupend-
ous efforts of a people unacquainted with the
use of iron.

The Peruvians made no progress in carpen-
try: they could not mortise two beams to-
gether; nor could they form a centre; and, as
they were totidly unacquainted with the use of
arches, the Spanish authors could not conceite
how ihey were able to inme a roof for those
ample structures which they raised.'' — Rohett-
son. Vol. ii. p. 317, amd note Ixiii.

In the time of Calla Cunchuy, an effort was
made, which surpasses human belief: it Was
the removing the monstrous rock, called the
wearied stone, whidi was brought from the
UMuntdn. About twenty thousand Indians
dragged it along with cables. In letting it
down a hill, they could not keep their hold, and
it feU and crushed three or four thousand men.
Aftw this, it was dragged by main force to
the place where it now is seen: but the civil
war of Atafaualpa, and the conquest, put an

Digitized by

Google

200 GRAND PALACE AT QUITO: [CKIIL

end to every thing without distinction. The
Indians say^ that this stone wept Uood at not
reaching its destined position in the fortress iA
Cuzco. — Vega, Vol. ii. jp. 255.

The walls of the palace of the Incas of Qui-
to, named Callo, show the. dignity and magni-
ficence of the princes. You enter through a
passage five or six toises long^ into a courts on
three sides of which is a spacious saloon, each
consisting of several compartments. Behind
that which faces the entrance are several small
offices. This palace is entirely of stone,: al-
most black, and as hard as flint, well cut^ and
joined so close that the point of a knife cannot
be put between them;, but no cement is per-
ceivable.— UUoa, Vol. i. jp. 37 1 .

On a mountain north of Cuzco, is the &mous
fort, or wall of free-stone, some of such prodi-
gious dimensions, that human reason is asto-
nished how they could be brought thither,
and fitted so neatly, that the joinings are not
seen without narrow inspection. The design
appears to have been to inclose the whole

Digitized by

Google

Ck.IIL'] - RUINS OP TIAHUANACO, T 201

mountain as a defence: it 'waa built by the fi»^
Inca, Mango*. — Ullaa,VolAi. p. 106.

'' It is probable that the edifiqes which I
have heard called^ at Quito, Peru, and as far
as the banks, of the river Amazons, by the
name of Inga^PUca, or buildings' of Uie Inca,
do not date farther back than the thirteratl)
century. , . . ,

: Those of Yinaque and Tiahuap^o were
cjcmstructed at a remoter period; as were the
walltf of unbaked brick, which owe the^r origin
to the ancient inhabitants of Quito, the Puru*
iBy#, governed hyihe ccnehoeamio, or king of
Lican, and by gucuiays, or tributary princes.''
—Humboldt,rol.u.p.8. VolA. p. 2^3.

** The ruins of the ancient city of Cki^c^

* It was usual to inclose cities and countries in Ada^
When (Genghis besieged Samarcand and Bochfura,
they .were each surrounded by twelve leagues of wall»
—Petis de la Croix, pp. 309, 220. The city of Ton*
cat, and its beautifiil and highly cidtivated environs^
were defended by a wall, which reached frcnn Mount
Shah-baleg to the end of the valley of Alshash, above
twenty leagues. — Abu^feda^s Description of Maverul-
nercy p. 51.

Digitized by

Google

iOa BRIDGET OP WOOD AND OP ROPES. [CiL77/.

MM an yerf remafkabK on aocoimt <tf tibe
r^rulority of the streets and buildings. These
rains are on the ridge of the CordiDeras, at
the height of one thousand four hundred
toiBeB.Sumboldt, Vol.n. p. 198.

^ The ancient Peravians constructed bridges
of wood^ supported by piers of stone; though
they most eonunonlj satisfied themselves with
bridges of ropes. That of Penipe is a hundred
and twenty feet long, and seven or eight broad^
but there are bridges of more considerable di-
mensions. These stractures remind us of the
chidn bridges of Boutan: Mr. Turner describes
one, a hundred and forty feet in length, which

may be passed on horseback*.** HmUwldt,

VoLiL pp.lS^ 75.

* With regard to the stupendous stQe of architec-
tme, describe in the foregoing extracts, (he Incas
had the num of Tiahuanaeo before litem, added to
their knowledge of Asiatie works. The smdlarhy, widi
regard to the nice joining of the stones, to the great
wall of Chfaa, is striking. ^ The architect, under
I>ain of death, was oMBged to join die stones so wdl,
with mortar, that not a nail couU be driven between.**
Du HaUe, Vol. \.p. 172.

The houses in Corea have but one story, they are

Digitized by

Google

CA.///.] GREAT WALL OF COREA. 203

31 built; in the country of earthy and in the towns
c(Mnmonly of brick. Their cities are generally built
and walled in the Chinese manner: but the great waU
raised by the Coreans^ as a defence against the Tar-
tars, is much inferior to that of China. — Du Halde,
VoL ii. p. 376. Thus there appears not to be any
soMd buildings in Peru, older than the period of the ar-
rival of the Licasj with the exception of the ruins before
mentioned by Humbcddt: and firtim what odieif ooun-
tiy dkan Ghina^ Tartary and Tax^t, could the Incas
haye brought knowledge with them, which enabled
them Instantly to constfuct siich stupendous works?
When the expedition sioled from Kinsay, the immense
canal, nine hundred miles in length, was in prepara-
tion by the emperor KublaL As W6 find that quipos
«re an anoent Oiinese mode of counting, and yere
known in Peru several ages before the arrival of the
Licas, the probability is, that the ruins of Tiahuanaco
and Yinaque, are remains of some buildings of Tar-
tars, Japanese, or Chinese, who had been blown across
the Pacific in remoter times.

Digitized by

Google

204

CHAPTER IV

Identity continued. Presents to the In-

cas, Royal Palaces. Post^slatum

and Telegraph. Travelling Chair of

the Inca. Royal Borla. Engraved

Rocks. Raw Foodj Maize, and Ma-^

nure. Gold and Silver Sheep ^ Fountain^

Statues. Inns or Hotels. Come^

, dies and Tragedies. Eclipses. Wives

of Nobles. Number Ninc'^'^A Mar^

ble Cross^

Presents.

J. HE Incas possessed a prodigious quantity
of gold, silver and precious stones. These
things were not required in tribute; nor were
they used in buying and selling. They were
prized as the means of embellishing, with their

Digitized by

Google

€UF.] PRESENTS TO THE INCA. 205

beautiful brilliancy, the palaces 'of the kings^
the temples of the Sun^ and the houses for the
religious*. The Incas had discovered mines
of quicksilver ; but^ considering them as useless>
forbade them to be worked*

Whenever the Indians presented gold, silver,
or other valuables, to their Inca, it wisui in or*
der to follow the custom, observed by them
to this dhj; which is, never to visit a superior
without presenting him with something^ 'were
it only with a basket of fresh or dried fruitf.
The curacas and great persons visited Uie Incas
at the principal feasts in the year^ the most re-
markable of which was that of the Sun, called

* Gold and silver were not used for bujring and sell*
ing in the Grand Khan Kublai's empire, the currency
was of paper. — Polo, p. 354. The hall of the Grand
Khan has twenty-four pillars of gold: silver they
do not esteem, except for pillars and pavements. —
Sir J. MauhdevilCi Ch. xx.

t The custom is "such that no one shall come before
the Grand Khan, but he shall present him with some
manner of thing, after the old law. ** Nemo accedai
in conspectu meo vacuus. The religious men present
fruit. — Maundevile,p.S95, The same was the cus*
torn with the Mexicans. — Clavigero, Vol. i. p. 352.

Djgitized by

Google

2M BOA OONSTRICrrOBS. CONDOBS. lCk.IF.

Majfrni, <m tiie gaining of victories^ and on the
naming and first catting of the hair of the here*
ditarjF prince. On all such occaaions^ and many
others^ the governors never fiiiled to hring and
present to their kings, all the gold, silver, and
jewels, which they had gathered from their vas-
sals.— OarcUlaesodela Vega,B0oky. Ckvu.

The governors presented to the Inca the
hest kinds of wood for building houses, and
the ablest artists and workmen, such as paint-
ers, goldsmiths, carpenters, and mascms, some
of wh(Hn were excellent*.

The Indians made presents to their Inca
of lions, tigers, bears, apes, ostriches, condors,
lynxes, guanacos, snakes more than thirty feet
long, and terrible caymans, (which are of equal
length), monstrous toads, in a word, every thing
that was either beautiful, prodigious, or sar
vage, to show their attachment to their sove-
reign.— Vega, Book v. Ch. vii.

* This custom, of presenting to the Ghrand Khan
every kind of valuable commodity, may be seen at full
length in Marco Polo, Chapter xii. and in Maimdevile,
Chapter xx.

Digitized by

Google

Chrr.'] CRimNALS KILLED BY SNAKES. SOT

Many quadrupeds, birds^ &;c. were bred in
the provinces: at eourtt s great number were
always kept; and the Indians were pleased to
Me their presents in the palace^.

Lions, tigers, serpents, and toads, were made
use of for the punishment of criminalsf •

^ At the time when I left Cujbco, the placei^
where the serpents, lions (puma), tigers (ja-
guar), and other animals had been kept, were
still shown: one was near the citadel, and the

other behind the convent of St. Dominic.

VegOy Book v. Ch. x.

* No monarch was ever fonder of collecting, every
rare animal in his parks, or of breeding them for
sporty than Kublai; and the most direct mode to se-
cure his faror, was by sending him, from all parts of
hifi empire, rare beasts and birds. — See MaundevUe,
Ch. xxii. Marco PolOy Ch. Ivi. Sfc. Wars and SportSs
Ch. ii. The Mexicans h{$d the same collections of am-
tnals. — See Ch. vii.

t The Mogul emperors of Hindoostan caused cri-
minals to be put to death by elephants, lions, &c. — ;
The same was the custom in Pegu, which belonged to
Kublai. — Wars and Sports^ Ch. viii. p. 269.

Digitized by

Google

208 WONDERFUL PALACES. [C». IV.

RoyalJ^alaees.

The insides of the royal palaces of the In-
cas were plated with gold, and embellished
with figures of men, women, birds, fish, lions,
tigers, &c. In one of the chambers there were
statues of ^ants in gold, but not solid. They
made artificial herbs and plants, which appear-
ed like nature; among the branches of which
were seen lizards, butterflies, mice, and snakes,
mounting and descending. The seat of the
Inca, called tiana^ was of massive gold, without
elbows or back: it was placed upon a square
golden table.

All the vessels for the service of the palace,
and even those used for the purposes of cook-
ery, were of silver or gold. Wherever the
Incas had a palace it was completely furnished
in the same manner. The gardens were filled
with the most beautiful flowers^ trees, and odori-
ferous plants. Not content with these delights,
the same things were imitated in gold and sil*

Digitized by

Google

€k.IF.] INGENIOUS GOLDEN BIRDS. 209

ver, in a most per&dt mannei^. In the same
fltyle wis represented a field of maize, the stalks
and blossonis were made of silver, with beard*
ed spikes of gold, ingeniously soldered on the
Bars. Birds were upon the trees, some as if in
^the act of singing, and others with their wings
extended as if flying, all in the most natural
manner possible. The baths had golden and
silver stoves; and the pipes, for the convey-
ance of. the water, were of the same precious
metals*. — Count Carli, Vol. L p. 21 7, and Vega,

* The ceilings, pillars, and pavements of the Grand
Khan's palace are of silver and gold, (p. 288). In the
midst of the palace is the mountoir of the emperor,
aQ of gold, precious stones and pearls: at the four
comers are four golden serpents, and underneath
are conduits for beverage; all the household ves-
sels are of gold. There are peacocks and divers
fowls, all of gold, and made to sing and clap their
wings. There is a vine spread about the hall, it is of
fine gold, and the grapes hanging from it are white,
g^een; red, yellow, and black, of crystal, beryls, eme-
ralds, rubies, topazes, &c., so that it seemeth a very
yine bearing kiifdly grapes. — MaundeviUj C/u, xx#
William Bouchier, the goldsmith, made for the Grand
iQian Mangu, at Caracorum, a rilver tree and four
silver lions, and four pipes to convey to the top of

Digitized by

Google

210 POST. TELEGRAPH. [OA./F,

Book Ti. Ch. iii This long cbapter entxtiM!^
ates 8B ioortdiUe amomit of siidi rlohM m
are aboye described; and Vegtt relates tbat he
was told, at Cocoo: ^ eveft the iaomense quanti-
ty taken by the S^aniaMs^ was as nothing coaa*
pared wHh the whole that was ki the templee,
tombs, ftc.**

JPdat SiatiMSy and Tehgraph.

At each quarter of a league, a cabin was
built upon an eminence, in which fire or six
active Indians were stationed; and more on
extra^nrdina^ occasions* They watched per^
petually, and one of them having received the
verbal message4 which was the common mode,
tiMiug^ the quipos wwe somftimes used, he

the tiee^ and tfienee down through four serpents' tailo,
hyd^omel, wine, &e., into siher yessek at tbe foot of
the tree. At the t6p was an aagel, holdikig a trumpet,
and when it ib sounded, thegr drink. The boughs,
feaves, and firuit of lihe tree are all silver.— XPin^ 49
BubrHquisj in Bmrts, Wbh i. p^ 579.

Digitized by

Google

CLirj] FRESH SEA FISH AT CUZCO. 21 1

ran on to the next station: for it was calcu-
lated that a man oonld go a quarter of a league
at his full speed. On rebellions the news was
ooinaMHiicated by means of firesy wliic^ were
atWmys in readinesB at eack post, and by this
metsbod the Inea eomli receive intelligeiioe
from an imoKDn distairce in tiaree or torn
\kwm.^G^rcUlmm ie 1m Vega, Boek H Ch
yn&^ ^ Cosco was always supplied with se»-
Mi^ akhoogli it is a hundred leagues distant
ham the comt^.—Bmtchn, Vol.m.p. 105&

* At every three milety befiree» the UrgaiaMy is
the Giaiid KhanV empire, £6ot messengers are station^
ed, who have bells tied to their girdles; and when
they are heard, preparation is made and a fresh cou-
rier proceeds instantly ; so that in the course of two
days and two nights, his majesty receives intelligence,
Aa€ in the ordinliry moder eottld ii6€ be obtahied ill
has tBta tM dstys. In esse of rebUlfefiff they rMe;
tsmi' jgo two hundred df twt) hftedred "and fifty ntues itt a
c%. They gird ^eir bo^Bes^ t^, atfd Inifd^a cIoA
roiunf flieir heads, arid when th^y approach they
fletmd shorn. They jmsh their horses to their utaost
speed. In case^of greset emergency, they coatinoe their
course dormg the night, and »e accompanied by per*
86n» on ibot, who run before tfiem wiA %ht». Mes^
sengers we& qmAAed to bear thiv fat^e are highly

P2

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

212 GOLDBN ARM CHAIR. [CILIF.

Travelling Chair.

The reigning Inca, when he appeared in
puhlic, sat in an arm chair of solid gold, which
was borne upon men's shoulders. 'JThdse men
were idways from the two provinces of Rucana
and Great Rucuia; the people of which were
well made; and fit>m the age of twenty-fiVe
they were trained to carry the chair with firm-
ness and ease. If any one fell down, he wad
severely punished. Twenty-five or more bore
this seat, and esteemed it a singular fitvour, to
be thought worthy to carry his majesty*. —
Vega, Book vi. Ck. iii.

esteemed.— Ifaroo Poh, Book ii. Ch. zx. The Mexi-
cans had a HmUar post establishment, and the kings
were daify supplied with Jish from the gulf, distant
two hundred miles. — Clavigero, VoL L 345.

* The reader is referred to the engraving in the
second volume of Du Haiders China, p. 252, in which
the viceroy of a province is carried upon men's shoidd^
ers, in a chair as described above. Whenever the
.Grand Khan Kublai rides in public^ an umbrella is
carried over his head« and when he is seated, it is al-

Digitized by

Google

Ckir.'] . IMPERIAL MANDATE. . I S!LB

Royal Borld.

** Whenbybr the decrees of a prince are bon-
iadered as the commands of a divinity, it is nbt
only an act of rebellion, but of impiety, to dis*
pate his will: therefore, persons of every rank
yielded blind sulmiission to the sovereigns of
Peru.

£very officer entrusted with the execution
of the Inca's conunands, might proceed alone
throughout the empire, without opposition;
Smt, on producing a fringe from the royal Borla,
an ornament peculiar to the reigning Inca, the
Kves and fortunes of the people were at his
disposal*. — Robertson, Vol. ii. p. 308.

ways in a silver diair. — M. PolOf Book m CL iSL
Montezuma appeared m puUic in the same stUe^ See
Ch. vii.

* ** Those commanding one hundred thousand men
receiye tablets of gold, bearing the figures of a lion,
and of the Sun and Moon: at the top of the inscrip-
tion on the tablet is a sentence to this efiect, " By
t}ie power and might of the great Grod, and through
the grace which he vouchsafes to our empire, be the ■

Digitized by

Google

214 INSCmrniONn IN NSW OftANADA. ic%.ir.

Ik «fce wojBg/^ of ML BesptemL mi myoeU;
0 ascertan the conuawuot^^ betvefn tlui
rinren OtizKMD and Amamn, we were toM i^
an macription in the granitie chain of monn*
taia»^ which, in the seventh degree of latitude,
extends from the Indian village Uruana, or Ur-
bana» to the western bai^ of the Cania Bar-
man Bueno, a Franciscan mifaifwary, foumd to
a cave, fenned by the sepanri»on of some kdgea
of rocks, a large hlock id granite, on whidi h0
saw what he believed to be characters, formed
into various groups, and ranged in the same
line. He gave me a c<^y at part of these char-
acters, but I doubt if they were carefully done,
as h£ seemed but little interested about this
pretended inscription, which we had no oppor-
tunity personally to verify. Some resemblance

name of Ae Grand Khan Kuhlai blessed, and let all
sueb a« disobey, (what io haiein diiepted), suflfer deadi,
aad he uttcriy dortroTed.**— Jl£ Poh,p.^».

Digitized

by Google

Ckir.^ SUN AHO MOON CUT ON ROCKS. 215

t

to the Phoenician alphabet may jbe discovered
in them. In this iaTi^e de^rt therci are many
rocks which, at considerable heights, are co-.
Tend with fignrei of animals, representations
of the sun, moon, and stars^ and other hiero-
gtyphical signs*. Humboldt, Vol. i. p. 154.

* The above character, madbed A., are giyen upon
the map of the world, which see; B. upon the same
map is part of a sentence embossed round a handsome
large medal of metal: many of such are fbuml among
the OstiiyM of the Irtish and Oby, who say they inherited
them firom the Tzudi^ or Asiatic Scythians, who in-
habited these countries before them. They worship-
pad Ihii large medal, for no other reaiKm, but because
iqxm it diere ate figures of dogs, deer^ &c.; Mr. Kobr,
of Leipsic, has given an explanation of the inscription
upon this medid, which is in th^ ancient Arabic, or
Kuaan character. ^' There will be given by God, (to
the man who seeks him), the following good gifts;
blessings, increase, abundance, prosperity, and plenty,
(of firuitB) great ridies, and joy, and grace, assistance,
fim>ur; aad he riiaU receive honour, dignity, genero*-
sity from others, erndgl^ry^ praise, and stability, wel-
fare, and etemalization, and store of com and other
]mmEdons for the time to com6 ; and power, authority,
slrwigdi to azecute a design, and applause and long
Kfe.** C. is the modem Arabic (Nis-chi) character,
and its pronunciation in Roman letters. These mo-
dem Arabic letteris bear a strong similitude to the in*-

Digitized by

Google

216 . ARABIC LANGUAGE. lCk.I9r.

Raw Food.

*^ Though acquainted with the use of fire in
preparing maize and other y^etables for food^

scription found in America^ and it is hoped that the
attention of some fearned person may be drawnr^by
these remarks, to inrestigate this interesting qnestioiii
and to find the meaning of the American inscriptioB.
—See StraUenberg, p. 328.

This particular medal was taken by the Russians
firom the Ostiacs, near Samarof. The Tartars hang
four such upon their generals; two upon the shoulders,
one upon the back, and one upon the breast, and call
them Ticakrinaf or ibe four mirrors* The Persians in
the time of Chosroes worshipped a medal called Chus-
rewani direm* — SeeMenmsky^p. 1897. (StrahL p. SSO).
The Arabs conquered Maverulnere in the seventh
century, and invaded Siberia in the reign of the Ghrand
Khan Kubld.— ^ee fFars and Sports, p. 900,^ 230.

Some characters engraven on stone, says Strahlen-
berg, are pretended to have a secret dgnification, and
are used in superstitious ceremonies ; of this sort many
are to be found in Siberia and Tartary, upon rocks
and stones : and also rude figures of men, quadrupeds,
reptOes, birds, &c* There are scMne upon the rocks
near Crasnoyar, on the river Jenesai. (This was.a famous
place belonging to the Mongols. — Wars and SpartSy
p. 216.) Considering that the said river runs dosQ

Digitized by

Google

.CA./K.] . INSCRIPTIONS IN SIBERIA. 817

the Peravians devonred both flesh and fish
perfectly raw, and astonished the Spaniards

under the rocks, which m some places are very steep
and smooth, and of considerable height, it is hard to con^
ceiye how they could be come at to make these figures.
But M. de la Croix mentbns that Timur Bee em*
ployed the people of the Mecrite nation for this pur;
pose, as they are fiunous for climbing difficult mountr
ains; and they were probably let down from a height
when they carved these characters. — Strahlenberg^
J9.346.

This was a general custom with Tamerlane, whose
officers engraved characters higher in .the north tiun
the Irtish; in latitude 60^, it was also sometimes done
by the Chinese. — Wars and Sports^ pp. 209, S14.

The Mecrites, mentioned above, were in the imme^
dii^ vicinity of Grenghis Khan, who married Coulan
Catun, the daughter of the Khan of that nation, a
lady of extraordinary beauty. — Se^ Petis de la Croix,
p. 140. Marco Polo, note, ASA.

From what appears above, tiiere can scarcely exist
a doubt but such inscriptions in America are of Mon-
g<d origin; a very curious feu^t if it be so, as they have
been found in several places. Although many of the
insmpticmsin Siberia are known not to be very ancient,,
no one has been able to decipher them. This was
probably a custom adopted in the north of Asia, to
designate a country of which possession was taken,
and tiie same may have been the object in America. It
is quite probable that s<Nne of tiiese skilfiil Mecrites ac-

Digitized by

Google

•^.

.' »

fil8 fNSaUPTIONNEAKBOmON. [CA./r.

mUhtt pActice t^uguit to Hm ideM of aB
dvilMBd people V^.g»hi ^w, To/, a j». 8tt.

itompflnfed th^ intadem of JiipBH^ mid itiight have in-
stinmieiits wiA ihata, fer the purpose of inscribhig
KuUafs anticipated conquest, but with the dealh of
the invaden iiterar; attainments of this kind might
be lost. The writer cannot find the rirer Cawra on
OfatedSAa's grand map: but conjectures that it may be
a misprfait for Cauca, in which case it is in die neigh*
bouihood of Chocoy where there are wild elephants^
There is an inscription upon a stone tablet fixed in a
sculptured piDar in Canada, nine hundred leagues west
of Moi^real; and one at ;Bighton, twelve leagues
soudi of Boston, which are conjectured to be Tartaric
ttSL-^HunAohU, FtH. \. p. 160, who quotes Katm*$
Mmtey ifi. 416. Arehwohgk^y f^. viiL 9SO. These
inscriptions, firom what appean in this volume, are
highly probable to be Mongol

* In Thibet they prepare their mutton l^ expofflng
the carcass entire, after the bowels are taken out, to
theSunandbleaknorthem winds, which blow in August
and September wtthout frost, and so dry up the juices
and parch the skin, that the meat will keep uncor^
rupted &>r the year round. This they generally eat
raw, Without any other preparadon. — PkUo$. TVonu.
fatvfi. p. 465. It is wen faiown that Ae Mongols and
Tartars eat raw horse flesh, and tiie are^ inhabitants
of Ai^ eat raw fish. All these nations wei^e subjects of
die Grand Khan.

Digitized by

Google

CklF.^ DH»ISTIN6 MANUSS. 219

■ ->

^r

MaiMe aad MMmm. ,^^

In the flat ocmntry of Guieo^ aad eveii in
the nu)«Btaiiipit9 partfl» ike estates of the <ett^
ncas^ ami tiioBe of the IncM^ are manured
with human excrements; which are oollected
with kcredibfe €liHgenoe, dried^ aad powdered.
It is us^ especially for the cultivation of the
maize*. — Vega^ Book v. Ch. m.

* This filthy mode of manuriBg pievaik m China
andinJiq^. '' Of aUOiepTodiieeof thefiddi, tur-
mps, whidi are very plentiM and grow exctedingly
hurge, perhaps ccmtribute most to the sasti^anee of the
Japanese; but the land behig manured with human
dung, Ihey smell so strong, tiiat fordgners, chiefly
Europeans, cannot bear them. The flowers in Japan
M as short of others of thek kiud^ growing in odic«
countries, in strength uid agreeableness of saiell^ as
they exceed them in die exquirite beauty of their
colours. The same holds true with regard to most
fruits growing m Japan, which are &ff from equalling
die pleasant aromatic taste of ihose whidb grow in
China and other eastern countries,'* — Kmmgfer, fp.
119, \9St. The above extract i$ rscomnmuUd to tJk
tpeckU attention of fiurmers, market gardeners, fruiter^
ers, and flprists. The flowers cultivated near London

Digitized by

Google

'-^•Jr

'•\-

V^-

2*20 IfYSTfeRIOUS EARS OF MAIZE. {CLIF.

"^ The maize has ever been the delight of the

Indians; for^ besides bdng their food, their fa-
vorite liquor, cMea, was made of it Their
artists made ears of it, in a kind of very hard
stone, and as perfect as nature; even the co-
lour of the white and yellow kinds were imi-
tated, which, from their want of instruments,
is an inexplicable mystery*. — UNoa, Fol. i
p. 360.

have very little of their natural smeD; and some of
thein when placed in water, make it offensive from the
above evident cause.

* With respect to the Peruvians makipg their drink
of maize, the Chinese make their's from grain also.
" Instead c^ wine the Chinese drink iarassun, a fer-
mented liquor made of grain. They drink it warm."
— Jf. de la Lange, in Belts Travels, p. 413. Regard-
ing the ears of maize cut in stone, it may be conjec-
tured that these highly finished specimens were made
from dissolved com of s<mie kind and cast, which wiU
account for their beauty and for their being coloured ;
and, if so, explain this great mystery satisfactorily.
So much attention to every thing relating to maize,
and the first Inca having taught die cultivation of it in
Peru, and it being introduced in Mexico at about the
same period, form a presumption that they brought it
with them.

Digitized by

Google

4

Ck. IF.) CONVENIENT TRAVELLING HOTELS. 221*

Gold Sheep, Statues, FamOain.

Francis PizARRO wrote toconrt, from Xatixa;
July 15, 1634, that, besides the ingots and
vases of gold, they had found four sheep, and
ten statues of wbiilen, the size of life, and of the
finest gold, and some of silver as large; al*
80 a golden fountain, so curiously made as to
astonish them*. — CawU CarU, Vol. i. p. 276.

Irme or Hotels.

^ Ths high road of the Incai one of the
most useful, and, at the same time, one of
the most stupendous works ever executed by

• la Strahlenberg's book on Siberia, there is an en-
graymg of a sheep cut in stone. The sheep was a
sacred animal with the Mongols in their sacrifices. —
Marco Poh, p. 258.

The Peguans (in the Ghrand Khan's dominions, till
A. D. 1369), made such statues as the above, in gold.
^Wars and Sports, p. 273. Regarding the fountain,
See note, p. SW.

Digitized by

Google

ffiS mOHBOADOVBSMOUNTAINS. [CA./r.

man, is stQl in good preservation between Ckor
lucanas^ Gmmss^ and Sa^^e^ On the sum-
mit of the Andes^ in excessively cold spots,
wkieti ctnM have no attractions bat fior tiie in-
bohitaiKht of Cnacoy 1^ vemBimi of great edificeb
aveev»y where seen. These TimiM, (statHn»)»
are eaBed by (ho sounding title of palaoas of
(he Liea; but it is probaMe that they were
built to fJEMsiUtafee the nilitaery commmucatioii
betwe«K Pern aod the kisgdoaief Quito. 1
counted nine between the Paramo of Chulu-
canas and the village of Guancabamba." — Hum-
boldt, FdM p. 198. Fol.l pp. 24^2,255. The
great road was made in^ the reign of Ruayna
Capais.— *jStfe|x H)a

The iMfli aatablMhed, oftaKlhe reids^ faaa*
pita1s» called carpakuasci, which were supplied
fimn the king^ magazines in^ each town. In
these places, travellers were provided with eve-
ry thing requisite; and if they fell sick^ tli^
were csTcfully attended to. These travellers
were generally in the employ of the Incas^ or
the governors. With respect to* those who

Digitized by

Google

eklF.] OHINESBPOSrCSTABUffilMENT. SOS

were journeying without a legitimate cause,
they were ehMtioe4 at vmg&htmiBK — Vega,
Booiv. Ch.x.

^ FfMi Kmbdhi (Pel^ upop etcv]^ gi99«k hi^
road, at the distance of twenty-five or thirty miles,
there !s a yamb, or post-house. They are large hand-
sme bufldfaigs, hiring sererd well fimiiAed' iipat^
ms^f bu¥[9 wiA f&it, w4 proidde4 witfi ev^ duog
suitable to persons of rank; even kings may be lodged
at these stations in a becoming manner, and for some
of them tbe oouft makes regoki* ftoriAmk At eal^
8t«tii/fn ftwir bwd^d^Qod lioi^«a ar^kept in cowatant
readiness, for the use of amba3sadors, and all messen-
gers on the grand Khan Kublafs business* Even
m numniaitHms diatriots, leuote from great roads^
where there are no villages, his majesty has caused
the same accommodations to be established. In con-
sequence of these regulations^ ambassadors and mes-
sengers go and return through every province and
Upj^om of thei empire with eenvcimwce Md facility.
Two hundred thousand horses are thus employed in
the department of the post, and ten thousand build-
fa^, wiih svtttoble furaitore, are-kept up^ The Grand
Khan thuB exhibits a superiority over every other em-
ptor, kii^, or himnn hehg.^^Marco Ptfh^ B^ok IL

Digitized by

Google

224 . COMEDIES AND TBAGEDU& [CA./F.

Ih^amaik PlerfarwumMs.

The Amautas^ or philosophers, composed
tomcldies and tragedies, whidi were preform-
*ed before the emperors and courtiers, by gen-
ilemep, sons of governors, &c. They repre-
sented the triumphs and magnificence of their
Incas, and the eyents of human life and socie-
ty, with saitentious gravity and propriefy.

They also composed short ballads on love,
and others on the virtues and actions of their
ancest(M»*« — VegOy Booi il Ch. xxvii.

The Indians of Peru had such fear of an

* In the eyening the emperor of China gave the
lords of the court a comedy* Only three or four act-
prs were good. The plays are mostly serious. They
are like the histories of some illustrious person)?, inter-
spersed with fable. They never utter a loose expres-
sion, or say any thing to offend a modest ear. — Du
Halde^ Vol. ii. p. 343. The Mexicans had similar
dramatic represerUoHons* — Clayigero, Vol. i. p. 396.

Digitized by

Google

C*. ly.] ECLIPSES. WIVES OF NOBLES. 226

edipse, that^ as soon as it b^^an^ they made a
terrible noise with trumpets, horns, atabales,
and drams; besides which, they tied up d6gs
and beat them severely, that they might, by
their barking, cause the moon to be roused
from the suffisrings it was undergoing from its
present condition*. — Vega, Book ii Ch. xxiii.

Wives ^Nobles.

Thb Incas presented their curacas, and mi-
litary officers, with wives, who were the chil-
dren of the nobles. The father of these ladies

* In China, ** as soon as the sim or moon begi)M to
be darkened, they all throw themselvea oh their, knees,
and knock their foreheads against the earth. A fright-
ful noise of drums and cymbals is impiediately heard
throughout the whole city. The Chinese think, thi^ by
such a horrid din, ihey assist the sufiering luminary , and
preyent it from being devoured by the cdestial dragpi^
Aldiough the Hterati and every person possessed of
the least knowledge, at present, know that eclipses are
natural events, they still continue these ceremonies, in
ccmsequence of that attachment to national customs
which these people have always prese^ed*"— Chtmr'«
Ckma^ Pbi: n. p. 4i88.

Digitized by

Google

326 NUMBBRNINK. I0h.ir.

deemed liiemsdyeiri e^iudly honored with those
to whom tiie emperor (Hpeaented their daiq^ters
witii his own tiacred ' hand**-^ — - V^ga, VoL L

Number Nine.

R AYMi^ Gt the prmeipal feast of the Sun> om-
tinued nine days. — Vega^ Book iL p. 395«

The ordinances, of the Incas and their coon-
cilj were communicated to the people in the
market-pIaces^iQfvery ninth^yf. — Vega^ Vol, ii.
jp/139.

* The Grand Khan Kublai sends his officers from
Pekin to the provmce of Ungut, the women of which are
difttfiigttisbedtfor their'heautyi}' hereeeiv^^ sotof hun-
9teAi IU»iially.'^^Aiterxba]^ thifty^er

tdfig 4br hiif ctmctAiiies md the- servlee ^f tbie inditees,
tB^'ife^t^a^iT'beAltiwed'h^ hmn in marriage 6n thd nolfifi-
rf ^iih a i&lindsome j>oriSon. The iO^&t^ of the ladies
cbiisider this as a &VDu£and an hoiiouf ddpe diom^ aa
ihey l^ad not the^ power to m»tdi them 'so noMy.-p
Mareo Poh, Book ii Ch. i¥«. From whiyt iC^wl.lilit
that of I Peking coiddthelnciy&hikvip.demfid .tbii^WA-
t The number nine, it is iiotoriaifi,waa.eqttaUy.Cfm-
sidered as sacmd by^b^Orand Khaii JK)iUca^. w4 by
all other Mongols.— iSee^orco Poh, ^ook. li. C!4» m

Digitized by

Google

Cktf^.} VBN&RATI61* FOR A CKOSB.' 227

. . ,' .X • % ^ »

Cross.

I'he Incas possessed a cross of yeiy fine
marble^ or l)eautiful jasper, highty polished,
otaae piece, ibre^fowtltt.nf.M ell ki^Jeogth,
tird tivree * fidgets 'in< Yridt&f * Mlfl thlckiieiiii. It

Wl^^l^^}R?tf^ 9^,^ B^ac^i and

bdd in gBeativeiieratknki ^"The^ Spaakrds en^

■HAed"*ihlri'"cr6ss ' widi^gold and jewels, and

jpla^oedJytrinthie, cathedral of Cuzco^.^-Fega,

Boak'&. CAM. , '

Sherefeddm^Bookvi. CA.xxyi. The Mexicans edao con-
ddered it as sacred. — See Ch. VIII.

* There were many Nestorians in the thirteenth cen-
tury m the service of the Mongols. — {Marco Pohf
p. 501). The conqueror of the king of Eastern Ben-
gal, A. D. 1272, was a Christian. .The Mongols, who
were deists, treated all religions with respect, till they
became Mahomedans. It is very probable that a part
of Ae military sent to conquer Japan, were command-
ed by Nestoriali officers. — Sec Harrises Voyages^ FbL u
p. 613. Marco Polo, Book iL €!&. ii. The mother of
the Ghrand Khan^Maiigu, who was brother to Kublai,
(and possibhf uncle to Mango CapaCf the first Inca),
was a Christian, and had in her service Wm. Bouchier,
a goldsmiUi, and BastUcos, the son of an Englishman

«2

'Digitized by

Google

228 GRAND KHAN A CHRISTIAN. [CJk./F*

bom in Hungary. — Bubruquis in Harrises PiJJfV^f
FbL L Wars and Sports, p. 60. It also appears that
the Peruvians and Mexicans had a confused know-
ledge of Noah, (the Mongols claim descentfiromJaphet),
and the deluge. — See Humboldt, FoL L p^ VIS. Vega,
Bookl Ch. xvm. And Ustly '' J^e Qreie ChanMan-
go, was a gode Cristene man, and bailed and %qf
(gave) kttres of perpetuette pes (peace) io aUe Cristene
m^n.**— Sir J. MaundevOe, p. S76. It b therefore
highly probaUe that this cross accompanied Mango
Capac. Some other objects, which have puzzled every
one to account for, such as the statues of an Aztec
Priestess, {See Humboldt, VoL L 43), may have been
brought with the division of troops who landed at Cu-
liacan opposite California, for Kublai would in all pro*
bability not send Chinese of rank on the ezpediticm to
hold Japan in allegiance to him.

Digitized by

Google

229

CHAPTER V.

Identity continued. Fimerals; Wives and

Domestics put to deaths and buried with

the Inoas. Tombs; surprising ISiches

found in them: Gold^ Silver y JewehyArmSy
Clothes, ^c.

Funerals.

On the death of the Incas^ and of other
eminent persons^ a considerahle number of
their attendants was put to deaths and interred
around their Guaca, that they might appear m
the next world with their former dignity, and
be served with the same respect. On the
death of Huayna Ciq[>ac, the most powerful of
their monarchs, above a thousand victims were
doomed to accompany him to the tomb.''— ^
Robertson, Vol.ii. p.926.

They bury with the deceased Inca all his,
vessels of gold and silver, even those for the

Digitized by

Google

230 DREADFUL FUNERALS. [CA.F.

»

use of the kHchen; abo his clothes and rich
jewels, with some furniture. The domestics,
and the women to whom he had been most at-
tached, were buried with him alive, by their
own desire; though some historians £sdsely as-
sert, that it was not by yohintary immolation:
but it fVeqMntly occurred, that so maigr offered
them^T^ Hf accompany lEheir deceased mas-
ters, that their supsriora.were d>Uged tnlimit
the number. The first month wi)s devoted
to tears : and the banners, arms, clothes, and
all the things that were to be buried, were ex-
hibited in the different quarters of Cuzco. —
The lamentations ^ere renewed twice '%ach
ttouftti, at th^ full and change of the moon.
M«i aad iwomen; icaHed ^Mepen, wfere' iap-*
pointed to chant, in mournful strains, the vir-
tues and heroic, acta o£ the deftmot king. The
mourning was observed throughout' the em-
^^e^-^VegOf Bookrl €]k iv. y;

* '' It to Ae eustoib chuing the progress of remoYuig^
the bodies of the deceased Grand Khtas, for. those
who form ihe escort, to sacrifice such persons as they
chance to meet'on the road; saying to them, '^depart
for the nextw^ld", aUd ther^ attend oil yoiir deeeasc^l'

Digitized by

Google

CX.F.} DBfiADFULEDMBBALS. 2S1

- Acoiti daiyfc tiiel\»'iiiiijii>and the Lims^
wifltBacppificuig Tiigins aii4 yoimg childien» —
PmrehM, Vol. y.p. 944. Vega TelateB, that in
the* prbyioGes of Uramarcft aad ChaDica, the
Qitiws did Mcvifioe young chydven to their
god; but that Inca Reoa threatened, that if
ihey did not entirdy abolish so inhuman a ousft
toai> he would, if another childshould be put to
death, extirpate the whole of the population by
the sword. — Vol. i. p. 874.

master! " being impressed with the belief that all whom
they thus slay, do actually become his servants in ihe
neq^t Hfe. They do the same also with respect' to
horses, killing the best of the stud, in order that he
may have the use of them. When the corpse of the
Grand^Khan Mangu was transpiHrted to the iwuntafai
AUaij the horsemen who accompanied it, having thiiB
blind and horrible persuasion, slew upwards of ten
thousand persons who feH in their ^ay.*" — Marco PolOf
BookU <%.xHv.

^' It is certain that the Moguls and Tartars killed
those uey inet in their way, at the funeral of Chrand
Khans, whp have succeeded to Genghis.** — Peiis de
h Croix, ,gf,S^^n " : Formerly it, wW the. . CT8t<Mn. to
bury slaves with emperors and princes^ and some-
times also their concubines alive.'* — Barrow's Travels
mCMnafp.iSS. ^ ^

Digitized by

Google

^DS FUNBRALIN CHUUL l^.^^

. TIdBisoaieoftiieiiianyiiisteiioMof B^^
derstandings arising from not distinguiBbing
Hie: IncarPeruviiDs/ from the savage tribes
wMch they subdoed BerucioM and Indiam
are names indiscriminately used by all authors,
both for the conquerors, at the period of Bfan-
go Capac, and the conquered natives; and also
the still independent savages: hence the confu-
sion is infinite.

^ The Chinese emperor Shun*chi, a Mand-
shur, fell in love with the wife of a Tartar lord.
The lady informed her husband of the prince's
solicitations, who gave her instructiops how
to bdiave; but which, through simplicity or
design, she disclosed to her lover.

Shun^chi was governed entirely by his pas-
sion, and, under the pretence of business he
sent for this lord» and gave him a box on the
ear. The third day after, the Tartar died of
grief at the affiront. The emperor inmiediately
married the widow and made her queen. He
had a son by her, who lived but three months;

Digitized by

Google

Ck.r.] FUNEBftLSIHYAKDTSK. 8S3

and Ae notiier soon after feUowM Mm to tiie
grave.

The emperor was inconsolaUc^ and would
have destroyed himself, if the queen mdtber and
eunuchs had not prevented him. He ordered
that thirty men should hill themselves vobmta-
rihf, to tqppease her manes. (This custom was
aMiahedhyKang-faiO

Shun-chi with teai9 gathered up the^adies
of the queen, and inclosed them in a silver
urn. He jbeicame supeorstitious aind melancho-
fy; but he listened kindly to the. unavailing re-
monstranees of Pere Adam Schaal, made him
^binfc tea^ And dismissed him. He dien sent
for four lords of the court, and reprpadied him-
self for his neglect of die piddic business. He
dedared them guardians of his son Kang^^
who was d^t years old: then caUing for
t^ imperial Uiairtle, he put it on, ttid, shrinking
himself up in the bed^-^ Now I leave you^** said
he, and exphred the same imtant, about ndd-

night/aged twenty-four, A.D. 1061. Bu.

Halde,Fbl.lp.280.

The Yakutes, who are Mongols, acknow-

Digitized by

Google

I [Cft.F.

Mge, -Hit, tefiUw iM Bwiiaas oonqputea
them, th^ buried alive> or kiOed the oldeBl
snrvmts or fiivoritai of a prince, at hfe AmfeiaL

Permian Tombs.

Thb Indians having laid> bo^y* wiAoat
barioi/ upon the gtonnd^' environed it witli a
mdfe areh of stones or bricks; and eiirth 'was
tiMnuvn upon it, «ift tum<|lUB> widelt 4bey eatt
gmxcfu In genel'ali th^ ^e eight or ten toise»
higl, jiirfiabout.tW8nt]r-l<nig> and the breadtk
ttldicr Mb; but some arelat^er.' They ai^ "iik
sluMpa. iioi >preoiBel3r pyramidal^ but more > 19io
bilocks. The piafaiBti^Cayambis are covered
vith,4hm^;one of thd^prillc}pal ^temples bav*
m^ been the«r,?^h6re the kingsahd^ca^lfuerof
Qmto we» hv^Oei.-^Ulloa^F^ i. page ^e6r
GmM.M9g*f^llttihp:2iG. - , > ^ ^ -

The tMtobs tMtre m si«e a^cbrdtng'wkh the
nmk of the deceased: wittiihAH weee Mried
their furniture, and instnmie&ts. tff ' gdld> €0{k
per^slMie^^md'tiMrth; Out of one gttaca^'wbile

Digitized by

Google

tPM i(««irtli0»e, ivtre'takM B eanridenKIe ^futm*

diction of Pastes^ great ridiei^ wore 'kmoAt
MAne wppet bxb&, small looldi^i^Iaasies «^the
Inca-^tMie^ tittd'of Ae GalfaMfto, or foladi-stoiie)
the fonn is circular, and one of the surfiiceR
flat, and as smooth as ^ drystal nurror: Ae
Mlier oval, and less pbHsbed. I ttw one a^ foot
ffid a half in diameter: itef prind^^0nrfiiie»
was concave, and greatly m$gnified objeets;
and HH^poKsh olip^ich cotild not now be ex-
ceeded by burliest workmeii. A hole is drill-
ed toiiangthein byi . - . :

Tb^y find also guaqueros, for drmking chi-
ca; th€7 are made of^ftne black earth and
0Mie of red eartih. lliey aine.r^^und, wkh a
handle in the middle; |he month on one side;
and, on the otbc^; thci hdad of an Indian, eicel^
lently expressed. Where they were made is
utterly unknown. — UUoa, Vol. i. p. 868.

Among the gold pieces are found ndse-
jewels, which, in form, resemble the foot of a
chalice* md little fless; coU^rs^ bracelets, ear^
pendants, like the ndse-jewels; amdallef^^hem

Digitized by

Google

S8« IMBfBNSE RICHES IN TOMBS. [C*. F.

not thicker tlum piq^. The tdds^ whidi ane
at fiill iBagjUhs are hoDow^ of one piaoej and no
mark of soldering.

Emeralds are found in the tombs^ spherical,
cylindrical, and conidBd; and pierced with the
greatest delicacy: as steel and iron were mi*
known^ this is very remarkable.

The mines on the coast of Manta, &c. are
now entirely lost, probably through nc^igenoe.
^Uaoa,Vol.lp.S60.

During my travels in Pern, in visiting the
vast ruins of the city of Chimu, near Mansiche,
I went into the interior of the famous Guaca
de Toledo, the tomb of a Peruvian prince, in
which Garci Gutierez de Toledo discovered,
on digging a galleiy, in 1576, massive gfjid^
amounting to five miUicms of franks; as is prov-^
ed by the accounts in the mayor's office at
7:rmdao^.—Bm$boldt,rol.i.p.92.

* In Siberia, the southern frontier mountains, from
the Tobol to the Jenesai, and the steppes in the middle
regions of the Lena, have been inhabited by the Mon-
gol Tartars: and particuliurly in the governments of
Vfa/KaiMUij and Tobdsk. Frequent memorials are

Digitized by

Google

Ck. F.] MONGOL TOMBS. 237

found there of their ancient grandeur, magnificence,
and culture; of which some are of an antiquity deami*
atrafaly of above a thousand years.

It is no rare thing to come suddenly upon the ruins
of some town, which, in its crumbling remains, plainly
evinces the progress which the arts had made, among
a people whom we are wont to consider as barbarians.
Still more frequently are seen sepulchres, which, by
their inscriptions, tiirow light on tiie history of tiiis na-
tion; and, in tiie vessels and implements preserved in
them, siq>ply us witii interesting proofs of its opolencCt
its taste, and its industry.

In the museum at St. Petersburg, are preserved a
multitude of vessels, diadems, weapons, military tro-
phies, ornaments of dress, coins, &c. which have been
found in tiie Tartarian tombs, in Siberia, and <m the
Volga. They are of gold, silver, and copper. The
greatest antiquity of the tombs is one tiiousand one
hundred years, the latest four hundred. \Took$, Vol.
n. p. 48. This remark refers to tiie period of die
discovery of these tombs in tiie seventeaiitii century.
As the Turics, who had elephants, and who in the
sixth century resided at the Altai mountains, and con-
quered up to the Arctic Sea, (Otibion, Ch. xliL PurchoM^
L 897), and, as the rebellion against Kubbd and Tnrar
Kaan took place at the end of the tiiirteentii centuiy,
and Tamerlane's principal invasion was in 1889, the
difierent epochs correspond so accurately as to leave
no doubt as to the origin of these curious sepulchres.]

The surprising quantity of golden ornaments found
in tiie tombs of Siberia, were they not evident to tiie
tight, would exceed all belief.

Digitized by

Google

S88 OOLDlQi GfiB88 BOARDS. [GA. F.

.' Tte'ridiest ^ tbeiombs; wfi BfuHeri w^re made
in tibe time df Gesj^KhaB andibit immediate 9110-
cetsors; the most vahiftUe . Iiexng found on. the banks
of die Volga, Tobol^ andlrtivh. Hie next m value
lure in the deserts of J^neaaif. and the , poorest near
LabeBa^al He euppooes. tiiem aU te be die work
of ibe liCoii^ol bordca. [CS^r^V TK§9tlfitF^h Ui. ^% 17%
Th^ reaaon of the pooreat being at.Baikal i99;:ihiit the
Gteand Khans and their fanuliea were buried '«elur the
GSuBeaaiinalL].' /'• r-nm ; :;* . •»f » - . 't

.In^tii^toaibe tf Siberidi and '^ibe deserts' which bor-
der it southward, are found thousands of oast idols of
goldi* 'Silvery copper, tin, and briiss.. r I have seen, says
Strahleidb^g, some, of the fittest gold, three nldiea
km^, in thi form of nublataurs, harts, old men, and
odi^ figures; all soirts of urns,.. trinkets, scimitars,
medals, of gold and silver, chess-boards and chesa*men
afi.g<dd.; bqpe .goldttn pbtes, uiion .wlfch] lithe dead
bodies, hav^ been«.laid, (m>t mi]ik^.tIie.Biactei.aiirei),
and efetkea^ded up, sueb as thoioerpM is dreased in.
. Some of die tombs are of earth, and ra]aed'(aadisgh
aafaaHse4'>aBlin.8iich!nambaB4 a|imi»dier]^Iain, that
fll<m»di0tanMv ikmf aj^fHUr iBtetva^v^^'of hfib;* some
aWpwdy of rit^h UeMci stcntes ov. 6f '^^ft^ee-stoiie, ob-
long^ wd-^lrnu&gulir; bdiera (5f Ihem "iidfe bu&t edtirely
ofstkme. 'Gokmel K^idfef told'me tbaf ^^ambassa^
ddrs,tf the Chinese Tartal^, #heh passm^; die city of
JeiM^, asked pemusnon to visit. die 2oii^,q/*/ftelr
mo0flor«, but wejre refused; not improbably, because
diey.y^dJiJiTe acif^a^that dtey>i^i;^.rifl^ and de-
Wftllwiw*. I . .,1 I ^.„^s ^L.»- ,j.t*^ :'. •«# .. ,♦*. t..
Golden medals have been dug out of a lomb not fiur

Digitized by

Google

€k. K-] TOMBS IN SIBBRIiL 280

fiEom the hS&ikf bet#eai Ae'stdt lake Januflckewn waA
Ae dty of Onia^ of Ovmofttrock . About twenty or
tbirfy: years ago, before the Cziirs of Russia irere. ao-
quamted with, these matters, iine govedmors of the cities
Tara, Traiskoi^ Cra^ipyar, ^atsaipkij Isetskoe, aii4
others, used to give leave to th«\ii#thitaii^ Ipgq^in
caravans, to ransack the tombs, on.oq^di^ticp that» of
whatever they should find of gold, silver, copper, jewels,
and other things of value, the governor should have
the tenth. These choice antiquities were often broken
and shared by weight. — ^They have dug for years, and
the treasures are not exhausted.

The graves of the poorer sort have such things of
copper and brass: arrows of copper and iron, stirrups,
large and small fwlished plates of metal, or mirrors,
with characters upon them. Urns are found of differ-
ent sizes, some almost two feet high, and some more:
some with, and some without handles. Many of these
graves are very deep. A whole skeleton of an ele-
phant was found in one of the tombs. {Coxe, Vol. iii.
p» 170). Bones of horses and sometimes of elephants
are found in the numerous graves near Tomsk: also
figures of deer in pure gold, and an armed man on
horseback, in brass, of no mean design and execution,
{BM, p. SOS), and figures of the hippopotamus. —
{ReesU Cyc *' Hip."^ When Mr. Bell was at Tomsk,
a grave digger told him that once they found an arch-
ed vault, in which were the remains of a man, with a
bow, arrows, lance, and other arms, lying upon a silver
table. On touching the body it fell to dust. The
value of the table and arms was very considerable. —
(BtU, Ck. iil) IFars and SporU, Ch. v. R^^arding

Digitized by

Google

240 TOMBS IN SIBERIA. [CA. V.

the drinking vesielB of black eardi, so wdl made, and
the emeralds so ddkately pierced, it is not in the kttt
improbable that they were carried firom Asia, with the
Incas, or with the so^ereigiis of Qnko, who are evi-
dently the same race of people. T%e Mexican and
Meckuacan kings observed simihr customs. — See Ch.
Vm. *' Funerals.-

Digitized by

Google

341

CHAPTER VI.

Note onTangut andThibet. Identity with

the Mongols of the Natives of Bogota^

in New Granada. Of Natchez j on the

Mississippi. OfTahmecOj on theOhio.

NoTB ON Tangut and Thibbt.

As this immense r^on is scarcely known to
Enropeansy and as the whole of it was ccmqner-
ed by the Mongols, in the thirteenth century,
forty m fifty years before the invasimi of
Japan, the following extracts are mtended
to show the similarity of many customs to
those of Bogota, Mexico, &c. As it was the
policy of Kiiblai to weaken that region, (Mareo
Polo, note 796), it is highly probable that some
of the troops employed to subdue Japan were

Digitized by

Google

242 TAHtUT. iCk.ri.

from Tangut The Grand Lama ia the gnat
object of adoration^ from the Volga to the sea
of Japan^ the most extensive religious domi-
nion on the globe.

^ The vast country described as Tangut and
Tlnb^ i» Ippowd to the Clwe^e bj the jwate
of Tsmig. Th? Tartars caU it Tapgput,
Barantola, and Bqi^tan. It is said to be six
hundred and fort^ Ipaigues from east to west,
and six hundred and fifty from north to south.
(Thibet is sixteen hundred miles east and w^ ;
its breadth wry anequaL^^--^J3MM2?^jp.227)*
It is bounded by the countries of Kcrikonor^
fieduien^ Ttmaa^ Ava^ Qindoostan^ Buchailay
ADdthexlaaertofKobi. The Tartar oapemr,
JEubha^ divided it into several provinees. He
confioMd on the Bout, Passepa, the title of
•ovcee^ priocet and hoiyomd him widi agold-
enseal: and also with the titJesoftutettotlie
emperor, dootor of Ibe empire^ head of the kw,
aad ev^n that of miawg,wb&cik signifies ki^ or
pnnee. Mest to the Thftetiaos, the Tartan
aae 4he ipost oealoas worsiiipras of the grand

Digitized by

Google

(^ ri.-] liAMAS IN CHINA. 943

JjUBfL, The lamas iiad great power in CUna^
while the Mongols possessed that tihfone; they
are disttegnidied by the red and yeUem cap.

Their astronomers are able to calculate
edipses, hut the lamas^ In general^ are very ig-
ttooraiit: it is t«re to tnd <me who can read
their ancient books^ the langijage being now
iMdr—Gro9^9 CKna, Vol. i; pp. 818—329.

^^YhSe Genghis Khan was at Garaoorum, in
the year 1224, Sehidas-cou, sorerdgn of Tan-
giit» whose capital was Campion, leagued with
the southent Chinese, and his neighbours, the
oriental Turks. Geng^, being informed of
these proceedingsk^ lost no time, but invaded
Ihat country with a mighty army. It was winr
ter, and the soldiers' dresses were lined with
sheepskins; the horses were covered with fislt
The princes Zagatai, Octal, and Tufi, with his
very young sons Kublai and Hulacou, who be-
cane so fiunout^ were all present The Mor
gnls drew up their troops upon an immense
ftofeen lake: there were three hundred and fi&
ty, thousand; and they were dressed, by the
Grand Khan's orders, as plain as poscdble.

R2

Digitized by

Google

844 MAGIC. ASTROLOGY. [CA.f7.

Tlie king of Tangut liad five hundred tiiou-
sand, chiefly Chinese^ habited in cloth of gold
and silver, silks, &c. In the terrible battle
which ensued, there were killed of the troops
of the king and his allies, three hundred thou-
sand. The Mogul history is silent as to the
Grand SLhan's loss.

Campion is the frontier city, and is very
rich: here the caravans of the Muscovites, Ar-
menians, Persians, and Tartars, stop, when
they come to trade with China. They have
many towns in Tangut. Sachion is very large,
inhabited by Nestorian Christians, Mahomed-
ans and others, who have each their templed,
and free exercise of their religions. The na-
tive people pass for magicians, making things
i^pear which are not in being, and those duh
appear which are present. They make use of
astrologers m almost all their affiibrs, and will
not undertake any thing without first consult-
ing one who observes the stars, and points out
the lucky moment The men have Utile hair
an their chins: they may marry as nuiny vwes
as they are able to maintain. In this countryi

Digitized by

Google

CA. r/«] TOMBS OF LAMAS. 346

tibMse iie laige efepltantB^ and yery bemtiful
oxen, (basgrumUefui)j with the hair on thdr tails
white rad soft as silk. There needed a coun-
try so extensive and fertfle as Tangut, to sub-
sist so yast an army for so long a campaign* —
P^i$sdelaCroix,pp. 858^^75. See also Mar-
co Polo,p. 164.

For more particulars regarding these re^
gions, consult Marco Polo» Book ii. Ch. xxxvii*
and Rennell's Memoir.

^ To the northward of the city of Cathman*
du, in Hfepal, there is a hill called Simbi, upon
which are the tombs of some lamas of Tibet,
and other peopW of high nnk of the same na-
tion; the monuments aie constructed of vari-
ous forms: two or three of them are /lyrositiifatf,
very high, and well ornamented; so that th^.
have a very good appearaiu^, and may be seen
at a considerable distance. Bound these mo;-
numents are remarkable stones covered with
characters. In digging ditches round the fort
adjoining the tombe^ considerable pieces of
goUf were found; with a quantity of which me-
tal the corpses of the grandees oiTibet are al-

Digitized by

Google

w&ys fiit6n@A.^--SVr IFif^^ JkMtt^« <»iff<i
iilkitl,V6i.lp.8U.

"^ In AiBafid, tfaey bury ivltk their Idiiga
ipf/fiMtilrerlie esteeibed ftiost^ i¥heilie)r it were
an idoi of gold or sih^r, all Ms beloved i9he»,
one elephant, camels^ horsefly aftd hounds; ttad
the principal officers of his househdd ^isoH
themselres to serve their king in the next
world.

The natives lire at their ease; everyone hitt
a house to hitnself> and In the middle of his
groimd ft ^mitain encmipassed with trees;
Mid commonly every one an elephant to carry
his wives ; tor they liave four, eadi of whom is
ap^inted to separate household afflurs. The
Bieti and wom^ Are generally well complexion-
ed; but the Southern ones are more swarthy,
and ndt so w^ featured. They pierce holes
in fhelrears that you may tihrust your thnnrib
into, wherein they hang pieces of gdd Atid siK
rer. Hiey never make mcmey of their gold,
but preserve it an in ii^ts. lliere is no
flefih wMch they esteem so mndi as tkti of
dofgs. The khig keeps his court at Kenneroof,

Digitized by

Google

Ok/K] BiGMtXIU AT EJISBA. mt

Hiwty lite or tttrtf daijKif ^nmf irom the
former cSt^^^ itUdi bote that nAme. Mitt
Jfmdki laiiMi Md Mieked Aiiuun to tke thkty-
Mh dflgr»r-~ToMnwr,|iu 187.

Ilie 6i«id Loitta 18 ooiiiideaptdw tlM Tk^
Hbior tke deity, and 1» Ml9dotSLlidie?e faun
to beimmerteL Their roligioii eonmyt exalte
^mtiomai tbe Creator, and tfaek syBteni of
■oraHtyii very finr from conteniptibie. Wlule
Mt. Bogle was 4it LasBa, Moogoh and Cabmica
amted firoM Siberii^ witii whom Ae Lana
eomneraed. In tlpB cfomtry the me of linen is
vdmdim, tke oold obliging them tor wear fhn
and otfter warm elqtiiinrg. Thejr kate no ftud,
and, to keep ont the wind, they do not haSUi
wiBBddwa to their hQnMMV bat leaiw an opening
lA the tope of the roqma; tibey hate therefore
oaaooeistotiie apperieoniaexo^byladdM&
The housea are kdkf and faiiSt of atone; and
tiie iseM mannfooteBes are. net badly fidn*
oated^ Conaidering the wonderfiil eieyataen
of tUa coontry, aad the aeveritjp of ita i(d»*
mate, we me aatowiahed to find ite inhairiti-

Digitized by

Google

9tB TRICKS OF TBS I.AH AS. [OLWI.

atttSiin s fcigh ititeof myOmi&mir'^Phiimi^
Trmu. FoL bcnlp. 4M. RemM,p.^an.

It is rappMed thitf tke Mosgob £i8t le*
cdved the art <tf Hritiag from ih» ooimirf.—
"^ We aie aasiired by numy, thai Kublai Kbiaa
erdefed letters to be inrented for his natirai 'iiy
a lliibetiaD, whom he lewarded with the dig^
BttyofOhiefLama. If the Tartars tii^risMfvM^
as we have every reamn to bdieve, hiEid mm
written memorial!, it caanot be thouglrt wo&*
deriiil that their language9, like those of Ame-
rica, should hare been in perpetualTfocteiMeii;
and that more than fifty dialects shonld be
spoken botwem Moseow and China.'' — Sir W.
JimeipVoLi. p.59.

The Bonjse^ Fo^touHchiag, positiirdy affirm*
ed that he had Jbmd mam^ kmtdred jnam. — ^
The air, storms, rain, and hail-stones, were^at
his command: by pronouncing a word or two,
beconldresttscita^the.dead; whidiiMproved
when the prince Che-hou was deposited in his
coffin; for, on nttorii^ two words, he was re-
stored to life. When Che4iou CMne to the

Digitized by

Google

Ck.ri.1 MITRBS WORN BY LAMAS. 1*9

IhnMie, be wisiikiieb atteeliad tdtlie prifiatB^
and the rtUgion of Fo.— Hr Gmu^ Vol^.

KouloiiktoQ luMi no fixed toa&me^ like tiie
Gbraad Lama. In 8iimmer> he tewdea m the
enyiroiia of NettaUnskt^ in Sibtria> and the ri^
FerAmoor; whetehebalwajaaiiiToiuidedbjr:
annitther of other IJamas and acmed IfongolfL
llhe hunas wear a mkte^ like our bidiops. — r.
Be Gwms, VdAv. pp.24t2, MA.

Am ikeAmA^ qf tkis v§hme is qf ojfimkm^
A&t tkepcfmhUou ^Anahmc^Jramihe §i9emtk:
cmimrjfj and Mumtrnwrn^s amseHars, mi oHifr^
are/ram Ms part ^Asia; he reqnesls the femd*
er to hear that m misul,impemsing iUstmd fhe^
neat chapter^ as it wiU saae the iraMe qf re^
peatad ftfefeHtses.

Bogota.

''In Bofota^in New Gn»ida» the pecq^e were
more nmnenms, and move improved in the Tar
rioos arts of life, than any others in America,

Digitized by

Google

SM BOdoffA. ick.n.

except tiie FetUTfatts aad MiikaM. Tbvf
pnetisad agiicttltaxe; and tiie rights of pv^
perty were «o«uM(( by lawt. They liwd ia
Inge towB8« tiieir kcmes W€*e efmunodious.
And they were decoKly dothed. A dtstine-
tien of ranks was known, and the chief ww
tfMohite, He nero' appeired m pnUie witt-
oat a mmiMOM retiafaoc he was carried is a
sort of pafatnquiii, with much pomp> and hai>-
bingen went befwe lum, to sweep the ffMi,
and strew it with flowers. This pomp was
Mj^ported by j»r)Mm««v tit taxes redcifcd fiiam
iy»aal[jeotB{ by whoaa 1m waa so mueh vaie>
xale^ thai th^acf«r picwiBied to a^^prMdi
Un httt nitit Ml avetfted eoantsuaMcci Tim
h^ ai^parMit of the kiagtcklaa waa edocated in
the rucooses of thor teio^, uadcr the meet
austere discipline." RoberUon'* Si^ VaL L

" The cycle of sixty years is in use among
the greater part of the nations of eastern Asia,
and amMig the Moyacoa of the etevated plain
of Bogota.->ir«M»oUir, VU, I />. 980.

" The predilection for the periodical series,

Digitized by

Google

Mii ttte«dit«od.of tiui eyde of i&fy jmn,
tritdii6«^[Ml tosevMhtrndtiedaadfoii^niBMi^
cofitirb«d in the eytle cf iymuaty yean of the
^ests, Vppiue to ttveti the tarturion origin
Of the iiitiMM of the new cttoHneiit.'' Hm»'

«* When GoftnOo Ximemn do Qneiida, in
1087, iunved ttom the banla of the Magdelent,
at the U4ftf iBavamias of Bogota, he was sttuok
ititjb, ffte Contrast hetyrtea the chritiMitlon of
the naCoos inhabit&ii; the mottiktaiiiii> and the
ttvnge state of the hordes of fola, Hahates,
and Santa Martha. He found the Muyacaa,
Hit Guanea, tiie Mnnoes> and the CaHniaa, eet>
Hed in eonnnnnities, clothed in cotton gar-
SMHfta, md Ifte fieUs eirexj irhbte enUivaAed
wiA m^ize, chenopodhmi qt&bioa^/aiid tmrmtu.

The ^bilious history of the .ttaHon called
liliyflea^ ot Mosca, goes badt very ftur» till when
the wMn did not aooompAny the eatih. Bo-

* The leaves are eaten as spinach or aorrd, and the
aeed aa naOet.— /trn'tf C^fc. *' Chenopodium.**

Digitized by

Google

BOGOTA. ICkFf.

duea^ m Amdrioata mytlkology, introduced tJ»
wraship of the San^ ^tid, like the Peravian
Mismco Capac, and the Mexican Qoetsalcoatl,
becwie the legislator of the Muyscas. 1^
same traditions relate that Bochicas, son^ and
emblem of the Sun, high priest of Sogamoso,
or Iraeib seeing the disputes for authori^, ad-
vised the tribes to choose Huncafaua for their
sovereign, who was revered for his wisdom* —
He reigned two hundred and fifty years, and
then retiring he lived two thousand years^.
He di9appeared piysteriously at Iraca, to the
east of Tunja, whidi was the most populous
town ci the country, and was founded by Hun-
cahua, the first of the dynasty of the Zaques of
Cundinamarca, and tpok the name of Hunca
from its founder^ which the Spaniards changed
into Tunca, or Tunja. The form of govern-
ment given by Boduca to the inhabitants of
Bogota, is very remarkable from its analogy'
with tbo^e of Japan and Thibet. At Cundina-.

^ The length of the reign shows the whole of thi&
to be an artifice of a Lama.

Digitized by

Google

CkFLli BOOOTA. ^63

marca, at a period probably anterior to Manco
Capac^ Bochica had constituted the four chiefs
of tribes, electors; and they and their descend-
ants to have the right of dioosing the high
priefiit of Iraca. The Pontiflb or Lamas, the
successors of Bochica, were heirs of his sancti-
ty, and such as Chochuia, in the time of Mon-
tezuma, was to the Aztecks, Iracia had been
to the Muyscas. The temporal chief, caOed
Zaque of Tunja, to whom the Zippa, or princes,
of Bogota paid an annual tribute, and the pontiff
of Iraca, were two distinct potentates, as the
^nperor and dairi are in Japan.** — Humboldt,
Vol. ii. p. 106 to 109. Vol. \. p. 29.

An engraved inscription upon a rock exists
in New Granada; for a description of which,
see Ch. I ¥♦.

* The epoch of Bochica is said to be probaUy an-
terior to that of Mango Capac. The pretended mys-
teries are very possibly Bochica's trick, as the golden
rod was that of Mango; and it is highly probable
that he was one of the giant party with Mango. The
cyde alluded to is the same as that in the Chinese
History by Du Halde. The descent of Bochica from
the Son, his trick, the Chinese cycle, the presentit in-

Digitized by

Google

SM BUDDI9M IN JAPAN. [01* P/.

Naiehei.

^ Anorn the Nafcehav, on the banks of the
Missisaip]^ m ^ttfTerQiice of rank to<^ phio^

stead of taxes, all contribute to prove the same origin
at diat af the lacav and the Hexkaas, nor Aooi the
date disagree* The Japanese recmad the Buddvrt; re-
ligion from Darma, in the year of Christ 518; and that
saint eame to them from the west. As customs do not
often' change m ^«e ports, the Mengol and T^ssitt
generals would naturallyi in th^ religioni goyemment
and customs, bear much resemblance to the Japanese* —
SeeKampferfp.fUS. Thecirilandreligiouspowerbeing
held by separate chief^ i^ not essentially diffiaieBl from
the PeruYians and Mexicans. It would be very difficult
to make an exact distinction between Mongol^, Chinese
and Japanese, as they aU are in generd Buddists.
The Japanese use the cycle of sixty years, like the
Chinese, and their twelve celestial signs axe efFOdfy
Mongol, beginning with the mouse and a^Ung with the
hoax.-^KiBn^fertp.lBS.) Cami is the name of the gods
of Japan, (£!tefi^^,p. 187); Cemi, that of the Caciques,
(RokeriiOH, L 846); and Cama, (the soul), is the root of
the word. Pacha Camac, of the Peruvians. {Vq^, L
113). The sovere^ Incas had a high priest, {Vegu,
i» 316), who was always an Inca, of prinee of royal
Inrtb. The Mexicans had two high priesti^ a mittkm
afpriuii^ and forty thousand temples, wys Clavigere,
(Fo/.L 5970, 271). To all these reasons for condudmg
that the Bogotans were a part of the shipwrecked fleet.

Digitized by

Google

wiA wbkli the itortbcm tribes weie unao-
iimdnted: mom fiuniliei were lepitted noble,
Mid enjoyed hereditary dignity; the body of
%hB people was eonsidefed ee vile* The former
were caDed respectable, the Jatter Mnkards'^^
The gseat duef w»9 ijc^Bidered «s a being of
* wipBiier Mtvre, the brotber of tbeSwiftbe
pole ^jeet i4 thehr worship. Hia will is Uw,
(o wJiieb all submits and honor him as the re^
pvesentetive of the deity. If any one has in*
cnrred his displeasune, he comes and offers
blip bis headf • Nor does their dwiinioti end

wild elephants now exist at ChocO| and the plain be-
tween Suaca and Santa Fe de Bogota is called the
Fkid cfih$ GianU. (Humboldi, f^l. ii. p. 21), a name
probably derived from a tradition regarding a contest
with men and elephants, as in Peru and Mexico.

p «< 'Hie ordinary dress of the common Mongob ii
sheep-^kins, and though they know how to whiten and
dress diese and others of 9tags, wild goats, deer, &c«;
y«t, Ibr ail iheir care, yoa smell Aem when they Come
near yout dieir very tents have a ramish smell, whence
die C3ttDe6e call them Tsau^-ta^^se, or stinking Tar-»
UrBr—DuBaUe,rol.'±p.»IHi.

t Every one's life was considered as entirely devoted
aad offered op to the despotic power of the Ghrand
Khans. ^* My Lord,** said Octal, who was afterwards

Digitized by

Google

2S6 NATCHEZ* [CA.F/.

-with their lives; their prmcipal officers^ their
.favorite wives, with many domestics of inferior
rank, are sacrificed at their tombs/ to attend
them in the next worM*.* Rohertstm, Vd. i

'^ tnioaj who was well acquainted with the
Btile of Peruvian architecture^ was struck with
the great resembhmce certain old edifices of
western Louisiana bore, in the distribution of
the doors and niches, to the ta$nbas built 1^
the Incaa.*"— Humboldt, Vol. I p. 169.

^' At Natchez, in their temples, which were
constructed with some magnificence, they pre-
served a perpetual fife, as a pure emblem of
their divinity, llie ancient Persians^ a peofde

Grand Khan, to his father the great Oengfais, '< if I
have displeased you, put me to death, I will not mwt'
mm:'—Petis de la Croix, p. 312. With respeet to
the rest of the above account of the Bogotaos and
Natchez, it is also precisely the history of the Mon-
gols. *^ The Natchez, are now extuict. — Imkty, p.
4«5." Pinh!non*s Geog.h.64!7.

* The same was the custom with the Mongols,
Peruvians, and Mexicans, as is described in this
volume.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. ri.-] LONG VOYAGE OJ THE NATCHEZ. 257

fiur superior in every respect^ founded their
rdigious system on dmilar principles. This
surprising coincidence between two nitons in
such different states of improTemmt^ is one of
the many singular and unaccountable circum-
stances whidi occur in' the history of human
affiurs* '

^ Among the people of Bogota, the sun and
ni6on were the cfatef objects of veneration. —
Tlieir systetai of religion was more complete^
though less pure, than that, of the Natchez.
Th^ had temples, altars; priests, and sacrifices:
they offisred human victims' to their deities*. —

^ Mr. Pnikerton says, f tbe origiiml poinilatidti of
America may most probably have been from ^ftica^
where copper coloured nationsi with long hair, have re-
cently been discovered ; the constant trade winds could
scarcely fail to impel some rash African mariners to
the American shores. The Natchez of Florida -seeni
to strengthen this theory by their tradition, that ihey
came from the east; that the voyage was long, and
Aeir ancestors on the point of tperishing, when they
discovered the land. — Du Pratz, u. US.'* Modern
Gtog. Vol ii. 664. It is Mr, P.'s favorite hypothesis
that Africa is the country to be looked to on this sub«

Digitized by

Google

2S8 TALOMBCX) ON THE OHia [CA. FL

Tabmeatk.

UiiDSB, tJiQ Bane «f Florida, Yeg&conpra-
hettdil the ianrnMe apaoe bounded on the cMfc
and aoitth bj tikti oceui; on tke irtefc^ bjr Ndir
Mexico; and on the norths by Canada.

The Flondna, says Yega, adote the ann
and mocmf m their diTuiitiea: thegr belie'fe hi the
kniiortalifyef theaool; and hi fiifciimrevmrds
andpBmshmentB. The ujiper and lower ^Kvrid,
or heaven and hM, they* call HaiaaByMwsfta;
md UcujMidbi. They have but one lawfld
wife^ and as many coactibmeB as tlwy pleaat.
The wife and &yorite domestics are buried
with their loid; just the same as with. the In-
cas and caciques of Peru.

The town of Talomeco, in lat SV*, and four

j/^cU'-^Seep. 537. ButV.> 596, he thinks it not impro-
baMe that the Meziaaits aed Peroyians maj be from
Japi^ or Sagalian* With regard to these nations
coittBg from the eat^, see note in the remarks on Mon-
fewnm, where the reasons for their calling Japan the
«fif( ia ohowa« Thus, there cannot foe nrach, if any,
dQid)t but that the Natches vese of Mongd oiiguu

Digitized by

Google

Ck.n.l HtCatLTCIYILUtBDCACKIOft. 260

degtees went tti lake Brie, in Tega^g map, (<Mr ik
Ub. ^, is wdB bidk, and codtaiiu five liuttdreH
boouB; Mtttt^ y/r)adk aie latjge, and are seen
i^a 4i«^c0t it i^ sifoated 6n t&e banks ht a
river. Hernando Soto dkuA vtHk h eaciqtib
-aamdd ChiaeUoia, and was ottertained WiA sk
aatfcdh civilEiy as exhtk dnoiig potidied Ha^oik.
Ite' tnit df semtnts stood ill s niw, wilb tiieitr
tedMagfliwtthewaaofth^rooaL WBHelike
coeiqaer was at dinuei*, helbappttied to siiee^
nh wMdi' the attendlnitg xespeotfblfy bowed.
.Atft^ tbe Tepast Was fluiiAed, titc servants iffl
4^ied i» another baO. The meat was weH
«o(*M,ttte flsb pro^erlf roasted w brofledi and
<liefat«'tbebrlhi}ts quite rip^. TbeypresovM
Am with neatness; and romklns Were pre-
piired with Sfrftaoess and delicacy. With these
tiiey were scantily, but modestly attiiredi

The pifindpal gnudeui* and pifde of tiiese
people consisted in thdr temple at Takmleco^
wMch was the sepnlchre of their caciqueift
T%i8 fine temple is a hundred paees Itmg, and
fivty wide; with doors in proportion. The
veof is thatched neatly wifli split twigs, and is

S2

Digitized by

Google

eaO GRAND TEMPUB. TALL STATUES. ICk. VL

buittt ,slopu»g, to ithrcjw off tbe nuB< It is
tUckly decomted with dUEI»ent sized dieOs^
conneoted togedkec with fedtooM of pearii^
which ^ahifie beautiftilly in the dun. On enter*
ingthe temple, th^re are twdve wooden stiEir
tues of giants, with menacing and savage &ces;
the tallest Bih eight feet high. They hold in
(3idr hflnds, in a strildng posture, duhs adorn-
ed w^ copper* Some have copper hatchets
edged.with flint; otiiers, bows and arrows; and
some hold long pikes, with copptt iM>ints. The
l^iadiards thought tiiese stataes worthy of the
ancient Romans. On each of the four sides
of the temple, thare are two rows of statues
the siae of life; the upper row is of inra, with
arms in their hai^: the lower row of women.
The cornice in tiie temple is ornamented with
laige shells, and festoons of pearls. The
corpses of the caciques ace so well embalm-
ed, that there is no bad smell: they are depo-
rted in larg0 WQodra cofiers, very well con-
8truqtQd>: which are placed upon benches two
feet from the ground. In smaller coffers, and
in baskets, the Spaniards found the clothes of

Digitized by

Google

Ck. r/0 FURS, PEARLS, LEATHER. 991

ilie deceased men and women; and so many
pearls, tlmt tliey were distributed among tlie
officers and soldiers by haadfiils. The prodi-
gfoiis quantity ofpearls; the heapis of coioured
chamois sldns ; clothes of martin, and other well-
prepared iiirs; the thick w^-made targets df
twigs, otnamented with peairls ; and other things
found in this temple, and its miagazines, whidb
consisted of eight halls of equal magnitude,
made even those Spismiards who had been in
P^ru, admire this as the wonder of the New
World. The agent of the emperor Claries V.
who attended to take the fifths, was persuaded
by Soto to defer his demand, till the province
was divided, and it could be known to whom
this temple would fall; and then his majestjr's
claim might be satisfied*.

*' The remains of wonderful structures near
the Ohio have been discovered. Arrow and
spear heads of flint, stone hatchets and stcme
pestles are common, in ploughing the fields.

• Vega. Histoire de la Concjuete de la Floride, pp.
4,10,12,372,274,4*0,455.

Digitized by

Google

K«iur tli*fiMatfc#rthe Mnddngiin^miiG^
Iait.30^M»wealIoB.8riK» a cnriout caeniBiiait
watlwod of wUtewttble^ uitlie tomadsL mde,
l^noimdiM w diameter^ and bcautifiiBy ftngh-
ed* Andwtt cfarcahurand oval mannds, some of
«|<HM» aadaonedfaarlh, are freqaent aU ovw
ihe oomty of WaduBgtaD^. A p«fect vessd,
eog^middd of shells and dajt iMmdsomefy
INPoportkiMdtSlmped like a large oocoa Bat, wilfa
foov neat haiidlfls OD the Wm^ and holdh^ a^^
two qnart^ was found on an island in the (Miio^
near Belpie." €hMts. Magjbr Dec. 1826,

^ The Azteck hatchet^ made of feldspar,
pasnig into tike real jade <tf IL de Sassure^ is
loaded with hierogljrphics. I am indebted for
it to Don Manuel del Roi, of Mexico, and it is
W the king's cabinet i^ Berlin.

*^ The Mexicans and Peruvians made use of
«tMe hatchets when copper and brass were

* These are probably such tombs apd baths, as exist
in Peru, M^xicOj^ aii4T^t«r]^-^4S!ee CA. Y . Tombs, and
Ch. Vm. Baths.

Digitized by

Google

CUI«J^.]HATCIIKrefIIMiniSOfllOtOCHll.I.5ttS

fwy comnott fttnoi^ th6tti. NdtwHlnstatidHii^
our lofng and frequent excursions in the^Cordil-
lefBs of bc^ AmerioaSy we were iie¥0r aUe ia
discover a rock of jade; and this rock being so
scarce^ the more are we surprised bA the im-
nense quantity of jade hatchets which are firani
dn digging in plains, formerly inhabited, from
the Ohio to the mountains of Chm^!* — — Hum-
bold4i»yoLii.p.Sa

N.LoL W.Lmu

• Talomeco, is placed in . . . S9^ (K ST Qf\
Mouth of the Muskingum. * 39 34 83 9
Bigbone-lick (Arrwsmith) 38 45 85 5^
Thus the latitudes agree tolerably well; and it can*
not be expected that Vega's old map can be correct
m the longitude.

Many elephants' bones and grinders, like those of
SIteria, have been found at Bigbone-Uck. Many
bones and tusks, said to be of the mastodon, have been
found at the Great Osages, lat. 38^, Ion. 93^" 33". The
rdigion, funerals, manners, arms, and tradition of the
Jong voyage of the Natchez; the remarkable circum-
stance of the hatchets being found from the Ohio to
Chili, which are the exact extremities inhabited by
the supi>osed Mongols, of which these Researches
treat, and the other similitudes which it would be
tedious to repeat, but which will not fail to strike the
attentive reader, who may be interested in this ques-
tion— all conspire to prove the origin of tiiem to be

Digitized by

Google

2M ELEPHANTS UKB THE SIBERUN. ICMKI.

deriyed from the invaderii seat by (he Chiiiefleem-
peror po subdue Japan: and as people of many Tar-
tar nations may have been employed, it may account
for some peculiar differences; in their cook^y for
instance; as the Mongok in l\trtary, and the nativjes
of Tanguti which joins Assam and China, may be sup-
posed to differ in such respects very considerably,
although they agree in most of the religious observ-
ances* Moreover, *^ the Ohio Indians have a tradi-
tion, that a herd of mammoths came to Bigbone-lick,
and made an universal destruction of deer, elks, bears,
and buffaloes ;** JUr. Jefferson's notes on F^gi$narP' S6.
This has probably been the scene of a Mongol hunt-
ing party residing at Talomeco^

Digitized by

Google

^^.

Digitized by

Google

kUACAN^'~5'i

AN

m.

265

*Uanor ^

JGarcot
locaat

0

N^

kc

CHAPTER VII.

IfcA of the History of AnahtMC from the

vth Century to the Year 15^3. -Sb-

reigns of Mexico. Ancient City of

lexico; great Market described.- — '-

rrandeur of Montezuma ; his Courts Pa--

es^ Parks^ Menageries^ and Gardens.

FHjB history of the country named Anahuac

[>t known earlier than the arrival 4>t the Tdi*

, in the sixth century. When the Spaniwds

deharked at Vera Cruz, the Mexican state

existed a hundred and ninety-seven yearsy'

Montesuma was the ninth king. At this

i, according to Clavigero, the whole of

Mexican empire was comprehended be-

the fourteenth and twenty^first degrees

north latitude; and between two hundred

id seventy-one, and two hundred and eighty-

Digitized by

Google

26ft VALLEY OP BfEXICO. [C*. VU.

three d^prees of west longitadey fiN>m the me-
ridian of Ferro*. The finest district was the
vale> crowned by beautiful verdant mountains,
whose circumference, measured at their base,
exceeded a hundred and twenty miles. A great
part of ike yale is occupied by two kkes> mie
of sweet water, but that in the other is bradddi.
Besides Mexico^ there were about forty emi-
nent cities, and innumerable villages and ham-
lets in this delightful valley.

^ A great part of the mountainous country
was possessed by the Otomies, a fierce und*
vilized people, who seem to have been the re-
sidue of the original inhabitants Thd pro-
vfiaees towards the north were occupied by the
Cheehemecas, and other tribes oi hunters. —
None of these recognised the Meidcan mo-
narcb. Tlascala» only twenty*one leagues finom

* The map in this volume is nearly the same as the
one in Clavigero, with the excepti<m of the latitudes be-
iiigmadecoiifciinahletomoierseaaitanthorirfea»«idt^
longitudes from Cbreenwichu This map has no preten-
sion to any thing more than as a general guide to the
ancient history, Clavigero, we may presume, being the
beitadfaoiity for the division of the ancient states.

Digitized by

Google

Ch.vn.^ CHOOnrALPOFULATIOH. 867

tiie ospital^ wm an ind^eadeiit and hotiile re-
pnUie. Cbolida^ still nearer, was a reoenfc ac*
qoisiticHi. T^paiaoac, thirty leagues from
MexioD) was a separate state. Medmacan^
whose frontier was within forty leagues^ was
uBjplacaUe to the Mexican name. Thus cir*
comscribed, we must moderate the high iddas
firmed from Span»h historians^/'

Wb will now endeavour to give the reader a
aketdt of Anahuao, the old name of New 8pain>
b^Dre the arrival of the Mexicans.

"" TheTolte€as,''saysCaavigero,voLip.84,
^ are tiie oldest nation of which we have any
knowledge^ and that is very imp^ect''

• Robertson, iu 293. '' When the Mexioans ajv
riTed in Anahuac, says Clavigero, they found it full of
large and beautiful cities."* Vol. i, 416. No proofs of
ibis assertion appear in any ruins of dwcffings biiik
of Miiul materials. The ruins of Mitla, and those near
Guatimala, are probably not older than the thirteenth
or £rarteenth century^ accordnig to Humboldt, {Pol. H.
158). The ruins of Mitla are ornamented with Greek
and Arabes^ie borders,, very simSar to sudi as are
sead on Chinese and Japanese card boxes and count-
ers, and also on the dresses of the Incas.

Digitized by

Google

268 ARRIVAL OF THE TOLTBCS. ICLFII.

They are sapposed to hare come fiom the
more northern parts of America, or rather
fiN>m the most eastern parte qfAeia, to the
western shores of America. This opinion is
supported by the general tradition of those na-
ti<ms, which asserts^ that their ancestors came
into Anahuac from the countries of the north
and north-west; also by the remains of many
ancient edifices built by these people^ in their
migrations*; as well as the common beUef'of^
the people of the north; and also by ancient
paintings of the' Toltecas^ which represented
the migration of their ancestors through Aiia,
the northern countries of America, and their
founding of the kingdom of Tula.

The Toltecs being, as they say, banished
from their own country^ Huehuetlapallan, sup-
posed to be in the kingdom of ToUan, from
which they derived their name, began their
journey, A. D. 544f . In every place they came
to, they tarried only as long as they Uked, or

* None hare been found and described, except
Casa Grande,
t Humboldt, iL 340. Clavigero, ii. 296.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. yil.} FOUNDATIOIf OF TULA. 269

found proTisions. fint where ikey made a
long stay, they erected^ houses, land sowed the
land with corn, cotton, and other plants, the
ae^ of which they carried with them.

Thus they travelled southward for a hun-
dred and four years, till they arrived at Tol-
lanidnco, about: fifty miles. east. of the spot
where, many centuries after, was founded the
famous city of Mexico.

Twenty years afterwards, they removed about
forty miles to the west, where, on the hanks of
a river, they founded the city of Tollan, or
2Wa, n^ter the name of their native eamttry^;

* From what foUowa it will appear how extremely
probable it is that the Toltecs emigrated firom the
river Tula, in Mongolia, near their Holy Sea, BaflLal. .

** The river Tola joins the Orgon, and after being
increased with several others, at length fisillsinto lake
Baikal. It has more woods and finer meadows on its
banks than the Ketlon, and on its north sideai^ flM>im-
tama Covered with large firs, which aflford an agreeable
prospect. Tbe Mongols speak of it with admiration. On
the bank of this river there is the reddence of a Great
Lama.''— Dti HiMe, VoL ii. p. S51, andmap, p. 286.

In the year 506, all the north of Tartary was fiill
of convulsions and movements. The Grand Khan of

Digitized by

Google

290 TULA m wamoauk. ick. vil

wMclilieaMie tbBMpital of the Telteo^
Their nwnftfdiy b^js^, A.D. 670^ and hmted

the Geougeti, whose tesideneewa^onthe b«nki» of the
Tui9^ uA the Tartars of Ooelt who were then W9e^
f^gna of part of China, were akrmed. A prodigious
number ofhordes of Huns were dispersed about the Obi
Ad the Angara. When the Goei ^jaitted the eMn^
tries about the rxrer Onon, (near Baikal), all the hordes
of Huns setded there. The emperor of south China
saw with grief the north of China under the domina-
tion of ihe Tartars of Ooef, and solicited die Huna to
attadi them fixun the north: . the Huns had about
three hundred thousand cavalry. They were not ano-*
cessfbl against die God, and returned home. In M7,
the Hhk were conquered byths Tiiii4im» from the
Irtish and the OU, who drove them to the south and
dispersed them. In 508, the Goei returned, and the
Tiia-liai wexe eonstsaiaed to flee westward*

|n 580, T«i-hoei became Grand Khan of the Geci»»
g0n: en his taUag the throne his yoangest brother
suddenly disappeared. A soorceress, named Tivan,
d«ohrod that he had beenxarried to Heofen, but that
she eould cause hua to rchappear* The Khan, idid
wa9 deairoitt t« see Us brother, prepared a tent, u
Ti^w direoted# cm the bovder d a lake; in wUdt
Than offered a saerifice to the spirit of heaven^ whe»
the young man appeared suddeidy, and declared thsil
he had been in heaven during the whole time of hii
abs^MBO* The emperor was so pleased wtth Tivan's
power J and ahe is said to have posseiis^ other obarma

Digitized by

Google

akVn.y SAMCUUf AKY RBVOUmONS. »i

about AffM hudlml and ^if^-i&w ymm.--^
The Totttcai Ware tke iMil celebmtad people

b&AieM niagie^ tlnfc he mde her- hk anpffMi and
Mkyirod her sage counseki fre»

In 586v the Tartars^ north of CUna^ ilmded hito
two empires; one went to tibe wiest the othnr to the

^ The Turka fttst aioee u^notke under their kad-
ar BetteasM, abont the year rf CSiriat 54& Their
pe#6r iteraased ao^ j^rodigioual^y that thdr qprflty,
warn, and horaea^ weae pricmdfy comiRitild by ndDtaHy
afqra Gibbon; atid iH leaa tlMa fi% yea«h th^ had
wwra witliihe Roobans, tike Persians^ the Tartars^ and
Chmese. The head quarters were near tha sources of
Ifae Irtishmlat. 40^ aeaoiding to the CUnese lilerati."
They coaqueied up to the Afdtic Sea; and JHUmisk
is» in De k Crcdz's map to the LMe of Tiwurj named
NoHkmm TurqmfiaH. In dieae eonqueats, sayaGib-
bon, soBie Teatige nay be diaeoveied oi the fi>rm and
MtualiQn of Kaastchntika^ where sledgea were dram
fagrdogs.

In 465» the Turks rata^ and subgugated gmvt
p«rt of Tartary, and afl the nofth of Ada bdoaged
to thia new and formidable power, wh6 had atilrtad
farlb only akntt im yfors. The imsent Turkfah
diief'ailamewais Mohan Khan: he possessed froia the
nhfan Sea to die Caspian, and from ChinB and ladh^
to the Arctic Oeean;Mi>'JEIhrMb^, Fbl. iv. p, 08*)
ihk the easteitt. side, dus Qrand Khan had subdned
tfaeKitans, north of Cocea, and all the criental Tar-

Digitized by

Google

27S CAXJSB FOR BMIQRATION. [CA. VII.

of AMdmAe*/ for their^ rapeiuMr drOintioii' bM
sidllin the arts; and tiiey lirod under regular

lAM, to the flhores of the iea of Leto-tmg. Sonie of
the Geoug^i had sought refuge in China. The Grind
Khan demanded them: and the emperor was under
too gtoft ahurm taot to give diem up; when tfa^, ahout
three thousand^ with tfador Khan, were all instantly be-
headed.—iSm Gibkm, Ch. diL D'Herbehi, BibBothe^
fue OrimUale Supplemmi, hg PUdekm amd OalmuL
Phi. vf. pp.89, ei9eq.De Guim* Hisi. dee Huns,
rol.'n.p.\vm.9tm. rpLm.p.7. (in the war against
Jtt8ti|»an, the Huns dntgg^ at dieir horaes* heela <me
hundred and tw^ity thousand subjects of the Roman
empire.— €K&5on, iv. HtX).

Thus, more urgent motives toft emijpration couU not
possibly txmt; and whMier could any one flee, to save
his life, but towards America? North and west wexe
approachable by tUs murderous cavalry ; and we have
seen that proteiNion from the Chinese was out of the
question. There are two possible routes, one by the
ice, in the now Behring*s Straits, die other by the Fox
and Aleutan islands,' which form a chain oonodered to
be a Immch of the Kamtshadale mountains continued
to Amenca, in the sea.— (2bofo'f JBtm. £m. ii MS).
Thu» the dates, the modve for flight, and the cause
for the Toltecs naming their new rendence Ikda, are
all demonslMted in a more sadsfiu^tory manner than
any <me could reasonably have antidpated.

* '^ Anahuac signifies near the water, from "^Aich
is derived the name NahuaUaca, by whichthe polish-

Digitized by

Google

£7ft. FII.} CIVILIZATION OF THE TOLTECS. 273

lawB. The naticmd that have succeeded tiiem,
avow that tfaey are indebted to the ToUecs
for their knowledge of the culture of grain^
cotton, pqpper, and the most useful fruits. —
They had the art of casting gold and silver in-
to what form they pleased; and acquired great
reputation for the cutting of all kinds of gems.
But nothing rafeed their character so high,
as their system for the arrangement of time,
which, was adopted by all the civilized nations
of Anahuac. It is said, that, observing in their
own country how the solar year exceeded the
civil year by about six hours, they r^pulated it
by interposing the intercalary day once in four

ed ^ationSj occupying the banks of the Mexican lake,
are known." — Oavigeroy FoL L p. 1. 'It is. not aaid
whether the ToltecB gave this appellation, or if it ex-
isted at their arrival. The country near Lake Baikal,
itoA which I supposed them to have emigrated, bears
a similar designatfon of its inhabitants. — *^ Dauria, m
which coimtry Grengfais Khan was bom, is. so' called,
\)ekngfidl of watery to distiiyguiA it from. tbe barren
country of the Mongols.'* The Tungusi, when th^
settled, lost the name of Tartars, and were called Su
Mongols, or fTater, or IJake Mongols. — Strdhlenberg,
p. 357, 452.

Digitized by

Google

374 CHINESE ASTKOVOMT. [Cft. FIL

yesfs, whkk they did ab&ve cm hmtdred ye&r$
hrfinre the Christkm era*. Ckwigero^ Foi. i.

Their reDgion waa iddatrouSj and they are
supposed to b^ the inTaitoTB of the greaior
part of the mythology of the Mexicansf.

The ToltecB multiplied exceedingly, and
extended their populatiotf every way, in nu-
merous and lai^ cities. They were afflicted
with drought, dreadful famine, and mortality,
in the reign of Topiltzin, who died, A.D. 1052;

* The Me»ian acconoi of the proficiency of these
enugrants in astronomy^ agrees with the Chinese histo-
ry in a very remarkable manner. ** We ha^e the state
of the Chinese -Heayens, (says father Gaubil), com-
poied nore than me hundred and twenty years brfore
CktiMi, by which we find flie number and extent of
theit eanatellalioiis, and what sturs tbm answea!ed to
tl^ adstices and equinoxes, all by observation. Here
we see likewise the declination of the stars, with*the
distance of the tropics, and the two poles. The
Chinese have, for above two thousand years, beai ac-
quainted with the teagth of the solar year, consisting
of three hundred and sixty-five days and almost six
hours.*"— Z)» Halde, Fol. ii. p. 230.

t Clavigero, Dksertatioa I. Humboldt, Vol* ii« SiiS.
See also Rees*s Cyc. ^* Mexico."

Digitized by

Google

Ck. ril.-} YUCATAN, OUATIMALA. 276

and with him the Tokecan monarchy termi-
nated.

Some of the wretched remains of the nation
removed to Yncatan, some to Gnatimala*, and
some continued in the kingdom of Tula, and
dispersed themselves in the vale where Mexi-
co was afterwards founded There cannot be
a doubts that the Toltecs had a clear notion of
€be ddugef • — Clm. Vol. i. p. 87,

For about a century, Anahuac remained al-,
most depopulated and desolate, until the ar-
rival of a great number of the Chechemecas,
A.D. 1170, {Humboldt, Vol. ii. p. 251), who
came originally from the northern countries.
Their native land they called Amaquemecan,
where, they say, different monarchs ruled their
country many years. They were eighteen
months on their journey, on which they pass-

* The ancient inhabitaoats of Ghiatimala were a
highly cultivated people, as is proved l^ the mins of
a great city, situate in a place, which the Spaniards
call el PaUnque.— Humboldt, FoL ii. p. 354k

t The Mongols and Tartars consider themselves as
descendants of Jajdiet. — Abul OAcm, P. i. Ch, ii.

T2

Digitized by

Google

276 ARRIVAL OF THE CHECHBMECAS. \,Ck. VII.

ed the rains of the buildup constracted by
the Toltecs, and then arrived at Tula. .

In the character of these people, a certain
d^^ee of civilisation was blended with many
traits of barbarity. They had distinctkras
between the nobility and commonalty^ and
the plebeians reverenced their superiors and
their prince. They neiUier practised agricul-
ture, nor those arts which accompany civil life:
they lived on game, and firuits, atid roots of
spontaneous growth; their clothing was the
skins of beasts; and their arms, bows and ar-
rows Their religion consisted of the simple
worship of the Sun*«

• Clavigero {Fol. u. 227) states confidendy that the
Chechemecas arrived in Anahuac, A. D. 1170. As
they were eighteen months on their joiuney, they
migrated in 1168, from Amaquemecan; where two
brothers had giuirrelted regarding the possessions left
by their father, — {See Clavigero, Vol. i. 91.)

The description of them is that of Mongols. They
came by the same road, jond spoke the language of the
Toltecs. — There is every probability that thqr are
from the same neighbourhood of the Tula^ whidi was
in a remarkably convulsed state fircnn 1168 to 1170.
The Khan of ike Keraits (of Caraconmi;) had taken

Digitized by

Google

Ck.niJ] CONVULSIONS IN TARTARY. 277

One of their princes was sent by Xoloti, his
father, tosurvey the country; and Xolotl es-
tablished himself in Tenayuca, six miles north
of the site of the future Mexico; and distri-
buted his people in the neighbouring lands.

In process of time, he became acquainted
with several of the Toltecan familiesi who had
remained, with whom he encouraged allian-
ces; and, Crom them, acquired the arts of agri-
culture, of digging for metals and casting them,
of cutting stones, spinning and weaving cbt-
tdn and other things, in all of which their man-
ners and mode of life were improved. Eight
years had scarcely elapsed, when six respect-
able persons, with a considerable retinue, ar-
rived from a kingdom near to Amaquemacan,
" and we suspect them to have been the six

Timougin's (Genghis KJban) wife prisoner, Genghis
himself was captured by the tribe of Tanjout; and
Genghis*s own tribe (he had several brothers) revolt-
ed agaimt him; as did also the powerful Mecrites or
Merkites^-^P. de la Croix ^ Book i. CK i. The dates
and causes for emigration from the same country as the
Tdtecs, conform with the American History.

Digitized by

Google

278 ARRIVAL OF THE ACOLHUA& [C». Wf.

tribes of Nahuatlaki, whom we shall Bhortly
treat of.** — Clamgero, VdA.p.QZ.

After the b^inniog of the thirteenth cen-
tury*, three priiices arrived, with a great army
of the Acolhuan nation, natives of Tecaodl-
huacan, which was not very distant from Ama-
quemacan. These princes were named Aool-
huatzin, Chiconquauhtli, and Tzontecomatl^ of
the most noble house of Citin: tJiey were the
most civilized of any since the Toltecs. The
Chechemecas, at this period, had removed to
Tescuco. The three princes represented them-
selves as sons of a great lord, but had been at-
tracted by the reports they had heard of the hi^
piness of those who were under the Checheme-
can monarch* Their courtly manners pleased
the sovereign, and he gave his two dau^iteis
in marriage to the two eldest princes. The
rejoicings lasted sixty days, wrestling, running.

* In laOS the '' furnace of the fight continued glow-
ing irommom]ngtillevening,''8aysCondemir; ^* atlengdi
the Nahnans were defeated by Timougin, (Grenghia),
and the Moguls of Mercrit, Ouyrat, and Jagerat fledU
—AbuUmr.p. 7." De la Croix, p. 74.

Digitized by

Google

CL ril.^ CHECHEMECiLN KINGS. 370

oomibats with w3d beasts^ &c. Those CSieche*
mecMB, who were most ctviUzed^ now changed
the nane of the nation to Acolhnas; others^
who prefefred their usual roving life and hunt-
ing pursuit^ joined the Otomies, who had the
same disposition, and occupied a tract of more
than three hundr^ miles. Their descendants
harassed the Spaniards for manj years,

XoloU now dmded his kingdom into several
distinct states, and assdgoed tiiem to his sons-
in*]aw, and other nobles of each nation. Po-^
pulation and civilization increased.

Ambition haying urged some of the chiefs
to rebd, they were put to deaths

On the decease of Xoloti (a brave man, who
was a&ctionate to his children, and mild to
his people), he was succeeded by his son, Ho*
pidtzin; and when he died, his son, Tlotzin,
ascended the throne* The succession coati-
nuftd in his family; and the Chechemecan na-
tion ended, like the Mexican, in 1620*.

" The migration of the Nahuatlaks^ in 1178,

* Clavigerot B(hA h. See Rees's Cyc. ** Mexico."

Digitized by

Google

280 ARRIVAL OF SEVEN TRIBES. lOLVn.

conairted of seven tribes^ Sockimflcs^ ChdekB^
Tapaneks, Acolhuans, Tlahuiks, TIagcaltAg or
Teochichimekfl, and Aateks or Mesdcans^ who^
as weU as the Chediemeks, all spake the Tel-
tec bmguage. Clac. T.lp. 151, and TAy.

J9.48.

These tribes called their country Aztlan, or
Teo-Acolhuacan, and declared it to be near
Amaquemaoan. — Garcia, p. 1S2, 502.

The Asrt;efc8iiad migrated from Aatlan, by
Gbima's account, in 1064; and by Qavigaro'a,
in 1160.

The Mexicans, property so caUed^ separated
themselves from the . Tlascakeks, and the
Chaleks, in the mountains of Zacatecas*.**

With respect to the period of the arrival of
the people of Michuacan, the Acolhuas, and
Colhuas, who are usually confounded, and
some other tribes, the reader is referred to Cla-
v^;ero. Book n. The thirteenth century ap-
pears to be the probable epoch, but the history
is too confused to admit of exact elucidation, as

♦ Humboldt, iL 25L

Digitized by

Google

CA.F7/.] CONFUSION IN HISTORY. 981

»

that author acknowledgei?. Geo^gtd?, and his
successors^ kept Tartary and all Ada in terror
and bloodshed, from the year 1166, for above
a century.

The Astecas, or Mexicans, says Clatigero,
were the last people who settled in Anahuac.
They lived, tUl about the year of Christ 1160,
in AjzUan, a country north of the gulf of Cali-
fornia, judging by the route of their migratioii;
said by Betancourt to be two thoiu^nd seven
hundred Hiilra from Mexico; but, according to
Boturini, a province of Amu

There was among the Aztecas, a person of
great authwity, called Huitziton, who/ for
some reason npt known, persuaded his coun-
trymen to change their country. While he
was thus meditating, a little bird was singing
in a tree /f Aia, tilmj which in their language
means let us go. ^' Do you hear that, friend
Tecpaltzinr said he, '' it is the warning of
some secret divinity to leave this country and
find another. *" These respectable persons drew ^
the body of the nation over to their party,
(meaning the six other tribes).

Digitized by

Google

dM CASA GRANDE. ICh. FIL

Id tlie toicieiii paintings of tins migratikm^
Torqutttuida wfu, there id an ann of the sea,
which ^^ I bdiere to represent the umverstd
delmg^r Boturini says, it means the gulf
of California^ which they crossed to reach Culi-
acan. But, at there Are remains of tilieir buiM-
itigs on the river Gib, and in Pemeria, they
must have come by bmd to Cnlhtean, and have
stopped at Ca$a gr^mdein ktt 29", where there
is an ediiSce of three floors and a terrace, by
miiversal tradition attributed to thmn. Tli^ie
is no entrance to the under floor, but a scaling-
ladder is put down from the seoondf .

It is defended on one side by a lofty mountain^
the rest being surrounded by a watt seven feet
thick, the foundations of which are existing. —
The beams of the roof are pine, and weUfitMh^
ed, and there are stones as large as miU-stones.

* Clavigero, Vol. i. 114, who has endeavoured, with
more zeal than judgment, to account for events, ob-
viously quite modern, by such arguments*

t This is just such a building as we find in Thibet*
*^ They have no staircases or windows, and there is
no access to the upper rooms but by a ladder/' — Hees^s
Cyc. " iMmar

Digitized by

Google

(7A.K//.] SBVBN TRIBES IN MONGOLIA. 283

In tiie centre of this vast fkbric, there is a fit-
Hb moiint, from whioh to observe the enemy.
Earthen pots, dishes; jars, and litde looking*
glasses, of the stone ItzU, were fonnd there^,
Frmn hence, Hiej crossed the mountains Tar»>
famnara, and reached CnUacan, on the gulf of
California, lat. 24'' 80', where they remained
three years. Wherever the seven tribes stay-
ed, they sowed such seeds as they carried with
them for foodf.

* Such ndrrors have been found in the tombs in
Siberia and Peru. — See C%. V.

t With regard to the seven tribes, we find in Du
Halde, that " the Kalkas live chiefly along the rivers
Tula, Selengha, Kerlon and Orkon. Their princes
are descendants from Genghis Khan or his brothers.
They are divided into seven standards, with each its
head, and looked on themselves as one confederate
nation. Divisions frequently arose by the stronger
princes oppressing the weaker, but they were easily
reconciled by the Lamas, by whom they were govern-
ed; and they paid a blind obedience to the Grand
Lama.-— Pere Qerbillm, in Du Halde, Pol. u. 259.

As the Nahuatlaks arrived in Anahuac in seven
tribes, A. D. 1178, there is every probability of their
having emigrated from the same place as the Toltecs,
as they aQ spoke the Toltec languagCi for the follow-

Digitized by

Google

284 BLOODY|WAR IN MONGOLIA. lCk.Fn.

From Culiacaii, they jdurnied eastward for
many days, and at Cbicomoztoc, (the situatksi
of Which is not known), they stopped. The
Mexicans remained here nine years; but the
rest of the tribes proceeded onward, having
quarrelled, it is supposed. At Zacatecas, there

ing reason: — Between 1175 and 1177 the Khan c^the
Merkites headed a confederacy against Oimgh Khan,
then Grand Khan at Caracorum^ and Tunougin, (die
name of the future Grenghis Khan), who had espoused
Oungh's daughter. The Khan of the Tanjouts was
one of the confederacy against Oungh Khan and Ti-
mougin. All the Khans and emirs of the confederacy
were animated with the utmost revenge against didr
opponents: and, with their sabres hewing in pieces a
horse, a Mrild ox, and a dog, pronounced these words,
" Hear, O God! O Heaven! O Earth ! the oath that
we swear against Oungh KLhan and Timoug^. If one
of us spare them when occasion offers, and fail to
keep the promise he has made to ruin them, and to
assbt their enemies against them; may he become as
these beasts.** This quarrel ended in the most bloody
and dreadful batde ever recorded in history, in 1179,
in which the Tanjouts were nearly extirpated.-- Pa&
de la Croix t p. 30, 33. We here see ample cause for
the seven tribes saving themselves by emigratiiig.
These warriors never spared their enemies' lives. — See
Maundeviky p. 303. P. de la Croix, p.SU. All the
circumstances, time, place, and language agree.

Digitized by

Google

ek.Fnj] UNCBRTAIN mSTORY. 28$

are the remains of an edifice attributed to the
Aztecs.

The Mexicans arrived at Tula in 1196.
In their journey from Chicomoztoc they di-
Tided into two factions : one retained the name
of Tlatelolcas, the other Tenochcas^ or Mexi-
cans. We must not wonder that the Aztecs
journeyed upwards of a thousand miles more
than was necessary, as they were uncertain
where to stop.

They remained nine years in Tula, at other
pUices eleven, and reached Zumpanco in 1216.
The lord of this place became attached to
them, and the Mexicans gave an illustrious
virgin in marriage to his son, from whom de-
scended the Mexican kings. They remaiiied
seven years at Zumpanco, and then proceeded
to Tescuco, where they tarried twenty*two
years; but in 1245, they were forced to retire
to a mountain two miles from the site of Mexi-
co. Here they were persecuted, and in seven-
teen years repaired to Acocolco, small islands
south of the lake. At this place they lived

Digitized by

Google

iM AZTEC SLAVES. [CL FU.

fifty*two ywn, most miserably, on fish and aH
sorts of insects, in huts of reeds and rushes. —
In 1S14, they were made slaves, and carried to
Tezapan, in the state of the petty king of the ci-
ty of Colhuacan, on the border of the lake. A
war arising between the Colhuas and XocU-
mileas, the Mexicans armed themselves with
staves, the points being hardened in the fire,
such as would assist them in leaping through
the marshes, from one bush to another^. Th^
abo made knives of itzli, and shields of reeds.
They agreed among themselves not to take
prisoners, but to cut off an ear. In a furious
battle they did so, and put the ears of aD those
whom they had killed or seized in a basket
The Colhuas were victorious. The Men-
cans, having no prisoners, were reproached
with cowardice: (they had concealed four pri-
soners, for a partidular purpose). Producing
their baskets — ^^ Behold/' said they, ^ how ma-
ny we might have capturedft'' The Colhuas

* Clavigero, Vol. i. 118.

t The Mongols and Turks cut off the ears of their
enemies.

Digitized by

Google

OL r//.] FIRST HUBfAN SACRinCE. 287

weve, at tim m^t, awed afc the courage and
prudeace of their dtwe$.

The MexJcang returned to their rmidenoe^
HoitssDlopoohko, aod erected an altar. 'Ibej
demanded aomething of their lofd» as an oBer-
iQg. He sent a dead bird, in a filthy rag, by a
priest, who laid it upon their altar^ and retired.
The indignant Meidcans placed a kmfe of itdi
and an odoriferous herb upon the altar. On
the day appointed for the consecration> the
petty king of Colhua^ witii his nobility, att^id-
ed, to make a mockery of his slaves* The
Mexicans began with a solemn dance, then
bringing out their four prisoners, and making
them dance a du>rt while, they sacrificed tiiem
npon a stcme, tore out their hearts, and oflTered
them to tbdr god. Thit was ihe first kmrnam
saer^e, A.D. 1317. The Colhuas returned
instantly to Colhuacan, when the king, whose
name was Coxcox, being fearful of such cruel
slaves, sent them orders to depart from his dis-
trict. The Mexicans, delighted at their free-
dom, directed their course to the nc^h, and
arrived at Acatzitzintlan, then at Iztacalco,

Digitized by

Google

288 ORIGIN OF THE MEXICANS. ICk VII

then at the spot where they founded their atj,
which they named Tenochtitlan. They erect*
ed a temple to their god, Huitzelopochtli, and,
having seized a Colhuan, they gratified ihdi
revenge by sacrificing him. Around this woe-
tuary they erected huts with rushes and reedSi
and called the place, after another name of
their divinity, Mexico. — CUwigero, Book vii.

Such is the Spanish author's account ^ the
people who attained to so surprising a degree
^grandeur in so short a period.

Robertson, on the important subject of the
origin of the Mexicans, says — ^ According to
the Mexicans themselves, their empire was not
of long duration, llieir country was original-
ly possessed, rather than peopled, by small in-
dependent rude tribes: but about the begin-
ning of the tenth century, several tribes moved,
from unknown regions in the north and north-
west, and settled in different provinces of Ana-
huac. These were more civilized than the an-
cient inhabitants. At length, towards the be-

Digitized by

Google

Ch r//.] CONFUSION IN HISTORY. 289

ginning of the thirteenth century, the Mexi-
cans, mare polished than asay qf the former, ad-
vaneedjrom the harder if the Ccdtfamian guf,
and took possession of the plains near the g^at
lake. After residing there about fifty years,
they founded a town, A.D. 1325, which^ from
humble beginnings, grew to be the most, consi-
derable city in the new world. They were
long governed in peace^ and conducted in war,
by such as were best entitled by their wisdom
and valour, but the supreme authority center-
led at last in a single person, and Montezuma,
when the Spaniards invaded the country, was
the ninth nionarch. From the first i^ig^ation
of their parent tribe, tbey c^ reckon little
more than three hundred years^, (t. e. . to the
Spanish conquest); from the estciUiekment qf
mofiarchical governments not €Aov& a hmdred
and thirty years, by one account, or a hundred
and ninety-seven, by another computation. , If
we suppose a higher antiquity^ according to
the Spanish accounts, it is difficult to coi^ceive
how, among a people who possessed the art of
recording events by pictures, aQd who consi*
u

Digitized by

Google

290 C50NFUSI0N IN HISTORY. [C*. FIl.

dered it an ^sflestial p*ft of their mtiemi, eclu*
cation, to teach their diiMren to repeat their
historic^ Boi^ which cddbrated the exists
of their ancestoni^ the knowledge of past toaoa-
acticma should be so slender and limited. . I£
on the other hand, we adopt their own syatem
with respect to the antiqnities of their nationp
it is no less dificuH to acconnt either for that
improred state of society, or for the extensive
dominion to which their empire had attained
when first visited by the Spaniards. The infim-
cy of nations is so long, and even when every
citcnnstance k fitvorable to their progress,
they advance so dowly towards any.matarity
of strength or policy, tint the recent oxiffn of
the Mexicians seems to be a strong presump-
tion df some exaggeration in the splendid de-
scriptions which have been given of thdr go-
vernment attd manners.''-"*- JZodiffffMf}, JS. vii.

Such, we find, is theunsatisfiu^ry aceoimt
of tike origin of the Mexicans, and which ap-
pears to Robertson irreconmleable with fects;
Clavigero acknowledges, that the nunre M
endeavours to elucidate these questions, die

Digitized by

Google

m.m.ii TRXDrnoNB. giants. mammoths. 291
mme be ht piizsded, «i»l redaeed to despsir.^

Rtbcortflim ha9 totaHy disr^^a^ smJd-

lllotns^fyfnlesy and tbe^tradttioiiB abtMit them, as
tH^tongfng td the history r and OhiT^pero be-
Keyed them to be human.— f^o/. ii j^. 9M.

Biith RobeHwn and Oavigem coAsider the
MMiMni^ as Azteels, winy aocompaMcd the se^
V*n tribto.

davigeiro describes ibe Aztecs as feddced to
tilaft^, md ki the kmest stat^ of degradatfen,
timtartheini^iffeaBtGottii^ bntheaolmeiif-
ledges that Chechemecas, Antecs, and Mexicans,
are frequently called, in history, Mexicans, with-
ma diserhtifuakmj(Vol n.fl. 903); mrdistiftgufeh-
ingill» Mexieam horn those iffaoarrited be-
Me them*. It may be allowed;, » tbi^ spoke
the same lafl^age, (fibrngera. Vol I. p. 107.)
that MoMeramit's rdoe wert Afsle6s; but tte
fM6wMg retisoils are oflkved wh^ M»y antf 6d
by seb,^aiMi Bit Whh the sevett* tribes. "* Itis

* The reader is requested to keep this confusion of
names especially in view.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

292 SUPPOSED TRUE HISTORY. ICk HI.

not by theory or eof^ectures, that history decides
with regard to the state or character qfnatUms^
It produces facts as th^ foundation if every
judgmeniwhichit ventures to pronouncei^. Eve-
ry authority agrees that the city of Me^co
was founded in 1325*

Now, if we take &cts, and Clavigero's ac-
knowledged confosion in history and names,
the writer ventures, with some confidence, to
offer the following solution of this very difficult
problem; and which, according to his view oi
this question, wiU dear up all the discrepan-
cies.

L The seven tribes emigrated from their
native land in 1 178, when Timougin.XGenghis)
was twenty-four years old, and struggling for
power; they were not likely to be so cul-
tivated as the troops sent to invade Japan, in
1283, when China wils probably the most ci-
vilized country on earth, and half of which had
been conquered by Genghis, who died in 1226.

* Robertson, Vol ii. S73.

Digitized by

Google .

Ch. ril.'] ARRIVAL OF THE MEXICANS. 293

II. Thb jpainting of the Aztecs or Mexicancr^
the last who arrived, accordmg to Boturmi,
represents the gtf^ of California, which they
crossed to Culiacan, lat24'' S2\ He also says,
that Aztlan, the country from which they

came, is a province of Asia. Clamgero,

VolA. p. 112.

A gigantic skeleton has been found in Call-
fcrnia^ upon a hill not far from Kada Kaaman,
{Ckmgero, Vol. i. p. 84.) This place is not in
the map of Yenegas. Carmen may possibly
be the same; it is an island on the east shore
of the gulf, lat 25'' 30', in Robertson's map.-r
California is a barren, rugged, sandy, rocky,
peninsula, ( Venegas,p. 26), such as offered no
attractions for settlers.

The Author of La Galerie Agreable ^u
Monde, says, that ambassadors on elephants
were formerly sent to Mexico. — Clacig. Vol. u
p. xxyiii. "

III. AcosTA, {Pi^chaSfUi. 1066), says — ^' In
the year 1324, the Mexican^^eople first arrived
at the place of the city. (They had travelled

Digitized by

Google

aM EHTieilCHMBNTS. lCh.ViJ.

mmj jma, iMt beiag eraftosted with oAer
plaoet). Hew they fiouiid the graond4»yefed
with briaiv^ like woods, and 9hoiit the oiid^
of the watar-stieam thore was a voek, and a
biidi growing thereon, called t9mal, (opuntia),
whereia an eagle had her haunt, which was faU
of bones and feathers of divers birds. Had-
ing the place fruitful, fiiH of wild beasti^, fowls,
and fidies, and productions of the water, which
would be pf ofitaUe in their dealings with the
towns thereabout; and the water-eourses be-
ing, so €onu9ftodious; and the place so well pro-
tected; they determined to remain. 7%^
made thenuldtes a strong city^ d^emied wUh
bonis <md walls, about the waters, and among
the sedges. Their army had ten chiefe, nam-
ed Ocdapan> Quapan, Aeacitii, Ahuexok, 7V-
mueh, Teciaeuh, XomimitI, Xocoyol, Xuiqua-
qui, and Otototl, as appears in the picture*.
Elephants' bones have been found in a tomb,

* Thcfe picture^ ii^ Purch^i have neyer been sfOB-
pected of not being genuine — it may be observed that
the Mongol military arrangement was always by the
number ten.

Digitized by

Google

&L yil.] FOUNDATION OF MeXIIBO. . 205

in Mexico, (Frj<^ Fa/, ii. 71.394.% and part /of
a grinder n£»r Mexico, exactly Ske tboae of
Sih&ria. — Cuvier.

The city was .first called TenoehtiflOn, and
afterwards was named Mexico^/

Tenuch was selected as the chief lord, wd
the others were to act as captains ilnder him.
As they grew in numbers and strength/ being
a warlike people, they subdued and jooade trir
butai^^ two towns adjoining them, named Col*
huacan and Tenaincan.

Robertson, (fW. i. p. 2T2), says ^' After

they had resided thore about fifty years^ the
dty, since called Mexico, was founded."

As the first king was elected fifty-one year^
after the arrival of the ten chiefit, the name was
at that epoch probably changed to Mexico.

The pictures in Purchas are thus inter-
preted :-^

* Gage (p. 47) relates that thia name, in the opin-
ion of some, was derived from Tenuch, the first chief.
Clavigero, i. 122, says, that the first n^pie was de-
rived from Tunal, (opuntia), which is certainly not so
prohable.

Digitized by

Google

296 • LIST OF THE KINGS OP MEXICO. [CA,f7/,

Tenuch and his nine captains arrived in • 1S24

Acamapich, thejirst king,' was elected • 1 377

Huizilihuitl,hisson . . : 1396

ChimaIpupuca,8onofthelast 1417

Yzacoatzi^ son of the above Acamapich . 1427

Guegue Motezuma, son of Huizilihnitl . 1440

Axayacaci, grandson of Yzcoatzi 1469

Tizozicatzi, son of Axayacaci ...... 1482

Ahuizozin, brother to the preceding . . 1486

Montezuma, son of Axayacaci *1502

IV. The Tlascallaiis were the last of the
^even tribes who arrived in Anahuac

'' The Tlascallans, says Acosta, passed the
mountains of Menade, towards the east, and
settled in a good country.

* Thus H 18 evident, that some reckon the monarchy
from Tenuch, which is just one hundred and ninety-
seven years to 1521 ; others from the first king : and these
are nearly Robertson's dates. Clavigero mixes the
epochs of the joumies of the seven tribes, which is quite
irreconcileable with the history. Robertson's remark,
in p. 289, that the parent tribe reckoned little more than
■ three centuries, must be in allusion to the arrival of the
^st Aztecs with the seven tribes: and this being admit-
ted, clears up the difficulties. Hence the strange and
inexplicable confusion of dates.— ^(^^ Clavigero, B. iii.

Digitized by

Google

CK VII.-] BATTLE WITH ELEPHANTS* 297

. When all tiiese nations (the seven tribes)^
peopled Anahuac, the old Chechemeeas made
no resistance^ but fled amazed. Those on the
other side qfthe mountain, (of Chalco)) did not
suffer the Tlascallans to remain in quiets as the
rest of the Chechemeeas had done» but put
themselves in defence to preserve their country,
and being giants they sought to exp^l the last ^
comers/ (of the seven tribes), but were van*
quished by the policy of the Tlascallans, who
counterfeiting a peace with them, invited them
to a great banquet; and when they were busi-
est in their drunkenness, there were some lay
in ambush, who secretly stole away their wea-
pons. Then did they suddenly set upon them,
and the Chechemectis^, seeking to defend them-
selves, but not finding their arms, fled to
the mountains and forests adjoining, where
they pulled down trees as if they had been
stalks of lettuces. But in the end the Tlascal-
lans being armed and marching in order, they

* Thifi is an instance of the indiscriminate con-
founding of names, as Clavigero confesses. Vol. ii. 302.
This is an important consideration.

Digitized by

Google

396 RBMAIMB OF BLIHIANTS. [CA. FIL

dtfiuitdd all the gisnte, iiat kftvitig om alhre.
We most not hold this of the giants to be
stnnge w a fidde, fiir at this day we find dead
melius bones of jncradiUe bigness. When I
was in Mexico^ A. D. 1686^ we found a giant
buried in the fiurm catted Je$ui dm Mont, whose
tooth was as big as the fist of a man^ and aU
the rest in proportion^ whidi I saw^ and ad-
mired at his deformed greatness.**— ^ra^to ni
Pmchas, iti. 1002.

Remjfidns of elephants and mastodontes have
been found on the plains of Tlascalla. — JSFtm^
holdt, ii. 21, 349. On the ridge of the Mexican
Cordilleras, bones of mastodontes and elephants
abound. — Humboldt, ii. 21.

V. MoNTBSUMA told Cortcz that his ances-
tors were not natiyes of that land; but had
arrived not numy years past by chamce, in com-
pany with a mighty lord, (meaning probably
Mango Capae*).

* There is no proof in history diat the Mexicans
and Peruvians were acquainted with each other's being
in existence.

Digitized by

Google

C\. F//.] THEORY OF CXAVIOBRO. 399

Glwiigero, Book it. Mfs, f' TheChechemeeAs
fike the Toltecs were ori^ally fnm tiiie north
of America, which we may call the seniiiary
of the hnmaii race, like ihe north of Europcr;
iram both swarms hayie issued: but we believe
the country of the northern Americans is stiU
undiscoyered. Some, building on the tradi-
tions of the pativejs, and the discovery of akuHs
and entire skeletons of prodigious size, imagine
tiie first inhabitants to have bem giants, I;fbkr
my own part; haye no doubt of th^ir existence
in New Spain, as weH as in other parte of the
New World. I am well aware that many
European philosophers will pity my credulity,
but I will not betray the tnUh to avoid cen-
sure."

Suc^ being the predominant theory of this
laborious author, it is not surprising that. he
was reduced to despair.

Illie shnple facts, as stated above, appear to
dear up all difficulties, and to account satis&c^
torily for the immediate civilisation which ap*-
peared with the Mexican Aztecs; whose gran-
deur, we shall see, was completely that of

Digitized by

Google

300 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, ICh^FII.

Asiatic sovereigns. Robertson's surprise and
perplenty at such a degree of civilization hav-
ing so suddenly taken place, are also satis£u^
torily answered: and more credit may thus be
justly assigned to the reports of Cortez and
others, of the perfection they describe in seve-
ral of the arts, and manner of life, of the race of
Montezuma, who, like Mango Capac, had pro-
bably witnessed the astonishing grandeur of
the Great Khan's establishment at Pekin, which
they both appear so faithfully to have adopted
in the new world. Montezuma describing hi^
ancestors as accompanying a mighty lord, is a
presumptive proof of Mango being a son of
Kublai. With respect to his own descent,
he was in all probability a Mongol commander
of high rank, from^ Tangut. In this arduous
investigation, the writer of these notes found
no satisfaction till he returned to the simple
original documents, which he has thus brought
together, and with what success must be de-
cided by the judgment of his readers, after per^
using this and the next Chapter.

Digitized by

Google

Ck.Vn.'] FIRST KING OF MEXICO. 301

We we now arrwed at the year qf tkejbund-
atiah of the city of Mexico, at which epoch no
f^oqfofany stone or brick edifices, being in ex-^
istenee in North America, except the rums qf
Com Grande and the Pyramids, has been met
with by the writer.

The Mexican government was at first arist(y-
cratical^ until, for their better security, they
formed it into a monarchy; and the election,
by common consent, fell on the most famous
and prudent person among them; he was son
of Opochitli, a Mry noble Aztec, and a princess
qfColkuacan*.

L AcAMAPiTziN was the name of the first
king: " The interpreter of Mendoza'sf coUec-

* Clavigero, VoL L p. 127, acknowledges that it is
much to be wondered at, that so illustrious a virgin
should marry xyne of so degraded a nation. — Montezu-
ma was descended from Acamapitzin's father.

t As Clavigero has followed different audiorities,
the dates and lengths of the reigns will not agree,
they win therefore not be noticed: this sketch of the
reigns is from that author; the spelling of th6 names is
not uniform.

Digitized by

Google

aoB STONE BuamNds. canals. [CJL VtL

tlm aterik« to tlri» ki]% tiie coi^^
ties^Misqmc, CidtlaliQac^ Quahiuiinifte^ ted Xd-
eUiniico. Tkiskki^kad two laWftil witos^ wbA
others who were not faonoreid with (he rank ef
(jineen. Stone Irotldiiigf were erected, and
the canals were begun, and popufattum iwnreas-
ed. On the approach of death, he recommend-
ed hin fAiiifly to thd care of the great n^n, and
regretted leaving his people tributary to the
Tapaaecas*.

11/ HuiTziLiRuiix, son of the deoeased, was
placed npoD the throne, anointed and crowned.
After many petty wars, involved in uncertain-
ties, the second king died, and was succeeded
by his brother.

III. Chimalpopoca bad many dissentions
with the king of Acolhuacanf • In the eleventh

* Clavigero, i. 129.

t The reitder w91 judge how little authentic history
has reached us, b; Torquemada relatisg that the
second king of the Acolhuas reigned one hundred and
sixty or one hundred and eighty years, and died in

Digitized by

Google

Ck.Vn.;^ A BEAUTIFUL QUEBN. 90S

jreor Qf Us T&gn, ke oi:dCTed a great stotie to
be brought to Mexico^ to serve as an alttt for
the ordinary sacrifice of priBosers^^and akrger
round one for the gladiatorian sacrifices.

One of the wires of the king was extremdy
beautiful, and as she visited among persons
of the highest rank, Maxtlalon, the tyraht of

14^; although the Acolhuas arrived in Anahuac, ac-
cording to Clovigeroy after the begintiing of the thir-
teenth century. — See Clavigero, Book iii. These long
reigns, where there are no books, are believed by the
populace, and are merely one of the tricks of the Lamas.
One of Genghis Khan's grandsons in Siberia asked
Rubruquis if it were true, that the Pope was five hun-
dred years old? — fFars and Sports, p. 49.

* It was the custom of the Moguls under Genghis,
to kill all they could of those who had opposed them,
even after victoi^, and to pile up their skulls. The
Aztecs who arrived by land discontinued this custom,
and seized the prisoners to sacrifice them to their
idoL Montezuma justified this horrid practice : " We
have a right," said he, " to take away the life of our
enemies; we could kill them in 'the heat of battle as
yoa do your's. What infustice ifr there in makjng
them, who are condemned to cbatb^ die in honour of
our gods f The Mexicans were never known to sacri-
fice their own countrymen to their gods/* — Clavigero^
Vol. ii. p. 445,

Digitized by

Google

904 TYRANT OF ACOLHUACAN. [Ck. FIX.

AcoDmacan, contmed an apportunity, and
brutany diahononred the queen. She retom-
ed to Mexico in anguish^ to monrn with heat
hudband; who, in dread of the power of the
tjrrantt resolved to die a sacrifice in honour of
his god, in order to cancel his degradation.
While the sacrifice was performing on other
victims, and the king^s turn was at hand ; some
troops of the tyrant rushed forward and seized
him. He was confined in a wooden cage or
prison, till, weary of his suffering, he contrived
to hang himself upon a small beam* During
this reign, the cities of Talco and Tequicquiac
were conquered. Chimalpopoca had many
children by his concubines.

IV. Itzcoatl had distinguished himself as
commander of the Mexican armies for thirty
years. This king quickly revenged the- in-
juries sustained : he, with his allies, took the
towns of Tescuco, Acolman, and CoatUcan,
slaughtering all who opposed his troops; thus
reducing the capital and two other cities to
obedience, in one day. The Mexicans com-

Digitized by

Google

t7*. VII.] MUSIC. PAINTING. DIVINATION. 306

mAid^ lr|r Monteznina^ fturnamed for his cou-
rage Ilhuicamma^ or Archer of Heaven, over-
threw thse Tepanecas, and killed the tyrant
Maoctlalon, an event of importance in the Mexi-
can annals. Alliances were formed with the
kings of ThUropan, and others, and were the
cause of the rapid conqnests which ensued.
. Acad^nies were how instituted in AcblhuiEi-
can, for poetry, astronomy, music, painting,
history, and the art of divination. The city of
Tescuco was divided into thirty divisions, each .
of which was assigned to a particular art or
trade, such as sculptors, goldsmiths, and weav-
ers. Temples, edifices, and gardens were con-
structed by Rejahualcojotl.
: Quantitillan and Toltitlan, two eansider-
able cities, J^en miles north qf Mexico, yiexe
conquered, but no particulars are known.-

ItzcoaH died at an advanced ieige, full of glo-
ry. He had replaced the lawful fimnly of the
Chechemecas on the throne of Acolhuacan, en-
riched Mexico with edifices, and his court with
the plunder of conquered nations.

Digitized by

Google

^

80G RAPID CONQUBSrrS. {Ck.Vn.

¥. MoNTBBUMA, OT Motnuma, (the Areher
of H^aTen), was elected with general applausa
His int care was to erect a great temple.-^
Tte lord of Chako had jEmjed two pnoces
of TeB<mco, and three Mexican lords> who were
hunting* They w«re put to death; their bo^
dies were dried and placed as supporters of
pine torches, to lig^t the hall in the evenings.
Chalco was attacked on both sides, and sacked^
after a vigorous resistance: the lord was pu-
nished for his atrocity, and the city was added
to the Mexican state''^.

Monteauma conquered ten states south of
Mexico; some of them a hundred and My
miles distant; with others <m the west.

lA the year 1446, the excessive rains caused
an inundation. A dyke was made in the lake^
nine miles long, and eleven cubits in breadth.
In the year 1452, there was so great a famme,
that the people were reduced to the necessity

* Clavigero, B. i. to v. To this period there does not
appear to have been any conquests *recorded> more
than about one degree from Mexico.

Digitized by

Google

N

Ch. ril.-] PYRAMIDS OF SKULLS. 807

of eating iiuieets^ and herbs lirhidi grow in the
marges: and many perished.

The Mexicans were defeated in Bfixtecapan,
end their garrison was put to death. The
Ifiacteeas, fearing a desperate revenge^ made
aKances with the Tlascanans and. others. A
general war ensued; which terminated in the
additioh to the crown of Mexico^ of many of
the provinces on the south'^east. The slaughtter
was great: six thousand two hundred pritoli^
ers wiere sacrificed; and their skuUs were pHed
in the edifice Quimcale&^, now conaecraled fiftr
tkehr preservation. — Clavigerd, Vol. i, p. 1S4, .

The goremor of Chalco^ neitr the lalce^ ro-
belled^ and having sei^ied Montezuma's brother^
proposed to him to become the king of that eity,
and to make it the rival of Mexico. After
much solicitation^ h^ pretended to consent, and
requested to address the people from a com^
mandihg height.' A kmd of scacfiUd was con-

* The Moiigol Emperor Baber, ki Hindoo«tan, io
1586, " ordered a pyramid to be built, which was
stuck round with the heads of the slain.*' — DoWy Vol.
ft. 130.

X2

Digitized by

Google

r

308 HEROIC FTOELITY. ,[CA.F7f.

structed upon a high tree in tiie market^plaee;
from which he addressed those Mexicans ii^
were present, on the virtue of fiddity, and its
being pfeferable to Kfe itsrif; when he in-
stantly precipitated himself to the ground, and
was killed. The Chalchese immediately Ml
on the Mexicans, and they were all destroyed.
Montezuma, in revenge, slaiq^htered isnnJBnse
numbers of his enemy's subjects, wd sacked
-their city.

More conquests were made on every side;. —
Another temple was buffi;, and many new rites
established, with an increase of the number of
priests. The king died, feared and bdoved;
he was sober, prudent, and just: he made new
laws, and added great sjdendour to his court.

VI. AxAYAC ATL was raised to the throne by
tiie dying recommendation of Montesumai^ —
The king went to war to coUect victitoa for
his coronation. His expedition was to Tecu-
Mitepec,four hundred miles southrcast of Mex-
ico, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. His
conquests were extended to the port of Coa-

Digitized by

Google

CkVIL'] THE ATHENS OF AMERICA. 309

iolca. He rdtnraed rich with spoil and tri-
bute. The prisoners were sacrificed. More
coiqnests were nuid^ and the temple of Co*
athn was erected.

The year 1470 was distinguished by the
death of Nezahualpilli, king of Acolhuacan,
the Solon of Anahuac, and who made Tescuco
the Athens of America. He lived eighty years,
and reigned forty-four. His body was secret-
ly bwni*, and the people were parsuaded tiiat
he was translated to the gods, in reward for
his virtues. During his reign, crimes were
infiEdlibly punished. No suit, civil or criminal,
could remain undecided more than eighty
days. He supported the aged and the destitute.
He studied the stars, plants, and animals. He
deplored to his sons the adoration of idols, and
the human sacrifices; but felt himself con-;
strained to conform to customs which were
estaUished.

He erected, in honor of the Creator, a tower
consisting of ntn^ floors. The upper one was

* This 18 the common tMi of the Lamas.

Digitized by

Google

/ X

310 A GONO. OBSCURE HISTORY. {CklVlh

dafk, vaulted, painted blae, and kad a comioe
of gold. Men resided here to strike plates of
fine metal*, at certain bonis, when the king
kneeled and prayed to the Crator of heavto,
to whom he composed sixty faytams; and also
two odes or songs r which have been trimslated
into Spanish*

Axayacati made some further conquests on
tiie north and west He was wounded, and
lamed, in sii^le combt^ with the lord of Xichi*
pilco, a city of the Otomies. He left a numer-
ous oflbpring by his difibr^t wives: the cele«
brated Montezuma, the ninth king, was his son.

YII. l^£Oc was dected king: his reign is
^%9cwr4^. He gave his granddaughter in nuur-
rmge to tlie king of Tezcuco, who had already
several wives, and she was accompsanied to
that court by her beautifiil sister, Xocotein,

* This was evideirtly a j^otig.

•f As thi3 king reigned only thirty^four years previ-
ous to the arrival of Cortez, his reign being obscure,
is a notable instance of the defectiveness of history,
caused by the fanatical destruction of the rftoords.

Digitized by

Google

X

C^f7/.] . INQBEDIBiB MULTITUDE. $1}

vntk whom the king became enamoured^ and
xidsed her fdsa to the diguity of queei^. Thea^
second nuptials were the moat aolenia aod
oaa^^cent which had ever been seen. A 900
by the first was Captttred by the Spaniaprds^
and died* A son by the second was^ while
king of Acolhuan, hanged: by order of CoifteCs
his brother was converted to Christianity^ 4nd
baptised by the name and surname of that eon
queror. Ti^soc was poisoned : he had cpUeoted
materials for a very grand temple.

YIII. AavitzoTh was etected king. jEIe
was general of the army, a post whichj ever
since the reign of Chimalpopoca^ had led to
the throne. Wars were carried on success-
fully against Mazahuacan and Tapapotecapan^ :

In four years^ the ten)^ being finished, the
two allied kings were invited to the dedication
of it. More people assemUed at this festival^
than were ever semi in M^i(iqo*« ^

* Some authors afSrm, says Clavigero, that there
if&te:dsmUHonff which, thon^ it appears exaggc^vated,
does not seem cdtageAerimprolMiiUe^^-^Fohi. p^ iML

Digitized by

Google

z/

8ia HORRIBLE SACRIFICE. FLOOD. [Ci.m

AU the prisoners which had been made dor^
ing four years^ being ranged in two files, a m3e
and a half in length, were sacrificed in Uie up^
per porch of the temple, during the four days
that the festival lasted. Torqumiada say^
there were seventy-two thousand three hun-
dred and forty-four: others affirm the numba
to have been sixty-four thousand and sixty.—
The lord of Xalatlauco had recently built a
temple, and sacrificed likewise a great number
of prisoners in the same year.

In the year 1498, Mexico was^upplied with
water by an aqueduct The priests offered in-
cense, and quaib* were sacrificed, with other
solemnities, at the first arrival of the water.—
The city by this aqueduct, which bad been
made by the monarch contrary to advice, was
so suddenly overflowed, that the king hurt his
head severely in hastily making his escape out
of the door of his room.

A quarry of tetsontli stone, being now dis-

* Quaik, it is Bhewh^m another placci were a sacred
bird with the Peruvians axidMimgok.

Digitized by

Google

x

Digitized by

Google

ilftM

ONTiEZlTMA.

Digitized by

Google

T'^ h 'r.^T^fS Mx"-h :' * '^ey .

CA.J7/0 EXTBNSiyE CQNQimsm 3131

covered, the city was much improYed ia nuig-^
nificence.

This king's victorious arms triumphed ais &r
as Guatimala, niiire hundred miles from Mexir
cor and all these latter years were passed in
warfare and conquests. >* • -' ' i ' -. M

In 1502, the king died of the contusion on
his head : he was then in possession of the em-
pire, as it existed on the arrival of the Span-
iards. This sovereign was capricious and cru-
el; he was much attached to women; and so
fond of music, that it was to be heard in the
palace night and day. He raised Mexico to
be the first city in the new world. The king,
not having a brother, one of the many sons of
Axayacatl had a right to the throne*-

IX. MoNXBSEUMA XocoJOTziN, (the younger
or second), was elected in preference to all the
others. He had held the post of general, and
was likewise a priest : he was grave, religious,
and taciturn. When the nobility went to ao*

♦ Clavigero, VoL i. pp, 197, 207.

Digitized by

Google

S14 HUMUflTYOFMONTBEUMA. ICkVlL

quanit bim tibat be was elected^ they found him
sweepmg the pavement of the temple. Being
conducted to the palace, and seated upon the
throne, he was harangued by the king of Acdr
huacan. His virtues were enumerated; and
the love of the omnipotent Grod was declared
to be evinced in so happy a choice.

Montezuma heard the whole harangue with
much attention; and was so greatly aflfectedi
that thrice he essayed in vain to reply, beisg
interrupted by tears. At length, checking his
emotion, he with great humility expressed
his unworthiness of such an exaltation ; aadi
offering his thanks to the king, he returned to
the temple to pass four days in &sting. At
the end of that period, he was conducted in
royal state to the palace.

Monteirama's first care was to mi^e war, to
procure victims for the corcmation. Thedis^
aster fell on the Atlixchese, who had rebelled*
The king, with the flower <^ the noHlityt took
the field. In this war the Mexicans l6st some
brave officers, but returned victorious with
prisoners. On this great occasi<m, there were

Digitized by

Google

Ck. VII.^ PRTOB OF MONTEZUMA. 816

pompous games, dances, theatrical representa-
tions, illuminations, and such rich tributes,
that his enemies, the Michuacanese and Tlas-
caUans, were present in disguise, in order to
view this extraordinary grandeur. Montezu-
ma, hearing of this circumstance, taiagnaai-
mously ordered them to be property lodged,
and entertained during the spectacle.
: When his majesty was firm upon the throne,
he began to exhibit his real character, under
4he appearance of so much humility; d&m^
ing men of merit, who had been employed by
his predecessors, because they were not nobly
bom. An old courtier represented to him, itk
Tain, that he would alienate his people by this
procedure. HBs very servants were people of
rank, and six hundred lords and nobles attend*
ed his court each morning: they passed the
whole day in an antechamber, conversing in %
low voice, and waiting the orders of the sove-
reign. The numerous women lived in a sort
of seraglio, under the severe care of noble
matrons. Of these the king retained those
which he preferred, and gave the rest as wives

Digitized by

Google

316 IMPERIAL ORANDEUR. ICkFII.

to his vftssab^ in reward tor their services. M
the feudatories of the crown, when absent from
the capital, left either their sons or brotims as
hostages for their jBddity*.

No one coidd enter the palace without leav-
ing his shoes and stockings at the gate, nor in
any but an humble dress; their rich attire also
remained at the gate. On entering, they made
three bows,, saying, Lord, my lord, great lord!
They spoke in a low voice, with tile head m-
dined, and received an answer from a seoe-
tary, as humbly, as if it were the voice of an
oracle. In taking leave, no one turned his
back on the throne.

The Tlascallans had never been in friendidnp
with the Mexicans, and as they possessed die
sea coast, and procured their cocoas, salt and
cotton from their commerce in that quarter,
great jealousy existed between them. The
Tlascallans had also afforded refuge to the ck-
mies of the Mexican monarchy. Montesoma

* The marriages and hostages w^re predsely simi-
lar in Peru.

Digitized by

Google

fSLFil.} DE^AT OF T0B MEXICANS* 817

resolved to subdue this small but haughty re*
public. In the first campaign his army was
defeated^ and the commander, Montezuma's
eldest son, was slain. Fortifications were con-
9famQ(6d« A second army of Mexicans was

In 1505, a war was carried on against Gua-
timala, and many prisoners were made. They
were sacrificed to Centiotl, the. goddess of a
ten^le just finished. The Mixtecas.and Zapo-
tecas rebelled and were defeated.
. In February, 1506, the century tominated;
and the great festival of the r^iewal of the fire
was celebrated with solemn ponqi, and many
prisoners were sacrificed; their skulls were
strung together and preserved.

In 1507, in another war, to subdue Quauh-
quechoQan, three thousand two hundred pri-
sonera were captured and sacrificed.

In 1508, an army was sent to the distant
province of Amatla, almost the whole of which
died of cold and snow in the mountains, or
were killed in battle. These calamities, and

Digitized by

Google

SIS IMMENSE SACRIFICIAL STONE. [CA. Vlt.

the appearance of a cornet^ threw the princed
of Anahuac into conBtemation*.

Montezruma now found a 8t(me of excessive
she, and caused it to be polished and brought
to Mexico for the sacriflcesf . Twelve thou*
sand two hundred and ten victims were im-^
molated.

In 1516, NezahualpilH, king of Acolhoacan,
retired in his old age, leaving the government
to his sons. His diversions were those of tiie
chase. He studied the motion of the stars
from his little observatory upon his palace,
which was preserved for a century. He then
shut himself up, was secretly burned, and some
of the nobles, with the vulgar, are persuaded
that he is not dead, but has returned to the
kingdom of Amaquemacan, from whence his

* The reader is referred to Clavigero, Book v. for
the wonderftil dreams and prognostics said to have oc-
curred at this period.

t This stone is doubtless the same, of which Mr.
Bullock brought the model to London; it was exhibit-
ed in 1834.

Digitized by

Google

CM. VIL ARRIVAL OF OORTBZ. 310

ancestovs spraa^. He resembled his &tlier in
Ins seiiiiments regarding religion; and was so
severe, that one of his sons was put to death
for using obscene words to one of his par^fs
mistresses. Great part of his revenues was exr
pended in acts of charity and benevolence*.

In February 1519, Cortez arrived at Cozih
mel, an island close to Yucatan, where he re-
deemed Geronimo de Aguilar, a Spanish dean,
who had been shipwrecked; and having been
kept eight years a prisoner among the Indians,
he had become acquainted with their language.
H^ was a man of prudence andsagacity, and
proved extremely useful

Cortez proceeded to Tabasco, and thence to
Vera Cruz. (April 2). A canoe full of people
approached his ship respectfully, but spoke a
language not known to Aguilar. Cortez had
a slave, who had been given to him at TalMUh
CO, and who spoke the Mexican and Yucatan
famgnages. She was afterwards known by the;

* The above sketch is principally from the long
history of ClavigerOy the most connected of all the
books on this subject.

Digitized by

Google

320 HISTORY OF DONRAHABINA. [CLP//.

I

name of Donna Marina^ Thte good fortune
enabled him to convene^ throogh Agmbrf, m

* Clavigero desciibes Donna Bfarina as a young
^1 of noble Inrtfa, beauty, and quick genius; a na>
tive of PainaDa^ a Tillage in Coatsacualco, whose father
had been a feudatory of Mexico and lord of sev^al
places; and that she had been exdianged for a dead
child; thus being defiranded of her right in &vor of a
son, whom her widowed mother bore in a second mar-
riage. The mother and son, when Donna Marina
had occanon to visit her natire country in IBSUf, pre-
sented themselves before her in cciifiision and tears;
terrified lest in her prosperity and under the protec-
tion of the Spaniards^ she would revenge the vnrongs
done her in her infiemcy; but having an aflfectioBate
heart and generous temper, she caressed them with
kindness. She accompanied Cortex in all his expedi-
tionsy as a counsellor and interpreter. Her services to
the Spaniards were invaluable, saving their lives by
the information she procured. She had a son by
Cortezi named Don Martin Cortez, who, on ill ground-
ed suspicion of rebellion, was put to the torture in
Bfexico, in 1568; Ins iniquitous and barbarous judges
paying no regard to the memory of the unequalled
services rendered to Spain by his parents. After the
conquest, Donna Marina was married to a respectable
Spaniard, named Juan de XaramiDo. She was the
first Mexican who embraced Christianity.— Chwigero,
Vol. ii. p. 9.
t Cortez presented to his second wife, Donna Juan-

Digitized by

Google

ri:F7J.] CORTEZ FIRST :QEHOLDS MEXICO. 821

the Yacatan dialect, wHh.Bfarina^ who com^
mumcated with the Mejucans in their oWn
tongue.

Co]H;ez received presents from Montezuma^
and was commanded to depart hia kingdom;

The Tlascallans were defeated by the Span-
iards, and joined them against the .Mexicans.
T&e CholUlaifs were (mbdned; .

. Cortez advanced; and, November 8, 1519,
^n descending the mountains of Chalco, he
fijjst beheld the noble lake,r and the palaces and
gilded domes of Mexico; the surrounding large
.towns, and cultivated fieldff.

Montezuma was terribly perplexed by his
superstition and fears. About a thousand per-
^sons, adom.ed with plumes, and clad in mantl^
of fine' cotton, came and respectfuUy announced
,the approach of the king. Two hundred more;,

im de Zmmiga, daughter of Count Aguibir, five eiiii^?<-
aBs wrought by Ihe Mexioaas; which.wece said by
Gomarra, who saw them, to be better jewels dian any
woman had in all Spain. — Clavigero, Vol. i. 4^ It
does hot appear whether there was any relationship be-
tween his wife and the deiyi.

Digitized by

Google

822 ROYAL PARADE Kit MONTEZUMA. [C*. VIL

in an tmifoTta dress, tuttrched Ikireftxyt, in deep
BHence, with tbeit eyes fixed cm the groniid. —
Three nohles, each with a golden rod, which
when they lifted high, all tihte people bowed
thei^ heads, preceded Hie litter, or chair, co*
vered with plates of gold, and carried on the
shoulders of four noblemen, in which was Mon-
tezuma, shaded by a rich parasol of gre^i fea*
thers and gold embroidery. He wore a man-
tie on his shoulders, adorned with gold and the
richest jewels : upon his head was a Hght crown
of gold; and upon his feet shoes of gold, tied
with leather embroidered ¥dth gems and gold.
As soon as the king and Cortex saw each other^
both alighted; Cortez ftom his horse, and
Montezuma from his Htter; ^en, leaning on
the arms of the king of Tezcuco and the lord
of Iztapalapan, he waKed upon cotton cloths^
with which the ground was covered : and Cor-
tez, making a profound bow, approached, and
put a cord tff gold and glasg beads round the
king's neck. Cortez was going to embrace
him^ but was chwked by the two lords; when
he eifpressed his respect for im> great a mo-

Digitized by

Google

Ck FJL^ ASIATIC ORANOBUIL 323

nordi. The king teuched die eiirili with his
^and^ and then, kissing it, gaTe to the Spaniard
two neddaces of mother of pearl, from whidh
hung golden cray-fish imitated from nature.

CorteK was conducted to his dwdling by
prince Cuitlahuatain, the king accompanying
him into the pakce hall, where he made him
sit <ui a low stool covered wij& eotton ta-
pestry of gold and gems, the waUs bang adom*
ed with the same. The king then retired, say-
ing to him, ^ Yon are now with yomr brothers
kk your own boose, refioesh yourselves lAer your
&tigue, and be happy mitil I return V

The Spaniards, and the immense nudtituie
of Mexicans, were equally amand at tim ex-
traordinary scene.

The palace was so large, that the Spaniards
and their aHies, with their women and ser-
vants, in an about seven thousand peraono,
were accommodated in it The diambers were

* Robertson {See Bookv.) says, Montesmna was in a
chur or litter; ClaTigeio, {See Book TiiL) always lit-
ter. Tbe whole of this int^rriew is wnilar to die
parade, dress, manners, &c. of the Moguls.

va

Digitized by

Google

.334 ErrEHSIVE VALMCt. [CK. Vn.

n^al and clettii/ the beds ivtere of rash or pidm
mais» the pillows were covered with matthig,
and the coverlets were of fine cotton ; the Beats
were of sk^le pieote of wood« Some of the
floors were covered 'with mats, and the waDs
were decorated wiih ridh hangings of cotton*.:

Cortez and his officers dined snmptuondy;
and were served by the nobility.' The^ rest
Istred abundantly.

The Spaniards took every precaution for
their safety.

The king, accompanied by some nobles, ar-
rived in the ev^ng, with manf rich presents,
loid Ave thousand, very fine dresses of cotton.
Montezuma seated himself, and made Cortez
sit also upon one of the seats, while every other
poson remained standing.

The general ti^^an, protestmg his grati-

tode, when the emperor interrupted him. -

** Brave general,*" said he '' and you his com-
panions, all of you are witnesses of my pleasure

* Monteziuna had other habiiatibiisi says Cortes to
Charles V. rach aahave no equals to them in Spain.
— davigero] VoL L 419.

Digitized by

Google

(7A.F//0 MONTEZUMA VISITS COKTEZ. 825

at your happy arrival at this court; if there
has appeared any opposition^ itims to faumout ,
my subjects; It was reported that you were
imntKMrtalSi. and mounted on fierce wild beasts^
and that you darted thunder/ which made the
earth tremble. Some related that you were
ministers thrown up by the sea; .and sudi.
{buttons, that you devoured as much as ten of
us could eat But these illusions arie dissi-
pated^ and we find that you are kind and giene-
roos to liiose who do not oppose you* You,
in Uke nuinner^ may have been told that I am
a god, and can assume the form of a lioti or a
tiger; but here, (pihdiing the skin of: hid
arm), you see that. I am like other mortals, al*
though more noble and elevated. You now
also perceive, that the palace is made of stone
and wood; not of gold. The truth is, that the
gold-plate, orfMur*, jewels, and other riches in

^ In the armoury of the palace at Madrid, are
shown suits of armour, whicti ar6 called Montezuma's.
They are composed of thin lacquered copper plates.'
In the opinion of very intelligent judges, they are evi*
dently eastern. The forms of the silver ornaments

Digitized by

Google

336 FALLEN ORBATNESS. iCLVIt.

the tar^asiuj, / ktwe preserved /ram mf Jhre*
fathere, as the usage of khigB is, and which you
and yoni's shall at all times ctejoy. (On say*
ingihis, some tears fell from Mimtexnma)*-^
AbandoBingy therefore, all fUse represeiitaticMis
made to either of ns, I accet^t the embassy laif
yonr king, and offisr all my kingdom to his obe*
dienee; shioe, from the signs in the heaT6ns>
the period seems to be arrived, when the pre-
dictioils of oiir ancestors cure to be fulfilled,
ikat there were to eome Jnm tke emit, eerttdft
meH,diffhringinhalntandcnititnM/hmm,wkt^
were iebe lordetftkiscamtrys/ar wearenot

mf yeare emee we came here, by chance, in com-

upon them, representing dragons, &c. may be consi-
sidered as a confirmation of this. They are infinitely
ttiperior to any etfort of American workmanship. —
MoberiMon, Vot. ii« p. 473. To this description is add*
ed, ** the Spaniards probably received them from the
Philippine islands.** Clavigero, thinks that they were
Mexicani-^iSee Vol. ii. S92* But it is very probable, by
the dragons especially, that this arinoulr had been
brought by the officers on the Japanese expedition.
There can be no doubt but that it could be easily pre*
served*

C-.^^ ^c^^-'';^-''^- ^ ^^ l^ ^>

^-^ ^ .^ .

OLFIL^ PREDICTIONS FULFILLED. 527

pmjf^ wkh a mgktp lord; and we bave nikd
these luificms qaly as viceroys 6f QitetzaK
coatl, our god and lawful sovereign : wherefore
I think you are the pf^ple we looked for*.''

♦ Sec ClaTigero^ Vol. iL p. 68. Acoata m Punkas,
YoLiiLllSS. It is difficult ta have a distmet i4ea of
Quetsakood. He i» reprea^nted as appeasing by his
penance^ the wrath of the gods» on occasion of a fam-
ine in the province of Cukn, thirteen thousand aUd
sixty years after the creation* He is said to have ar-
lired with the Toltecs^ he was the god of the air> and
the dipnity of all the nations in Anahuac. '* He was
the greatest idol of all theb gods, founder of Gh<du-
la» introduced &sting and lacerating theiir ears and
timgues ; he left a precept, that they should sacrifice only
guaib, doves, and other fowls. He wore a cotton garr
fluent^ white^ narrow and long, and over that, a niantle
set with certain red croaaes* — Acosta in Purchas^ iiL
ll£a. '< Quetxalcoatl was high priest of Tula (Tot-
Ian). His reign was the golden age, the earth iNPQUght
forth^ without culture, the most fruitful harvests. The
great sj^t Tescadipoca offered him a beverage,
which, on rendering him inunortal, inspired him with a
desire of visiting a distant country, named Tlapalan,
(the Toltecs came from Huehue/ft^MiJaii), and he
went to the eastern coast, where he disappeared, after
f^fifflftying to the Cholulana that he would return in a
abort time to govern them again and renew iheir hap-
piness.—iSf6« Humboldt, Vol L p. 93.

Montezuma, as a Mexican, who arrived seven bund-

/-

r^

32* QUBTZAICOATL; ICkVIL

CdM» r^Hed^ framing bl0 ^Usc^
traditkms; and the emperor, auUdng tbem

red years after tins saint, must have spoken as the
sovereign of the various nations, who like himself
odcnred tfiis god, as he calls him; but he could not
mean, that thb holy man was die mighty lord widi
whom his ancestors arrived not manyy^ars Jtnoe.
Witb regard to Ae allusion to the East^ the Spaniards
adroidy applied this to themselves; but it is not at all
probable that Europe was meant The Chinese and
Mexicans did not dien know that the earth is sphe^
rical, it was not known to Tmiur, who died ii^.1405,
and they dierefore expected these visitors to arrive
from their own quarter in Asia. This assertion. is
strongly supported by the native name of Japan being
NipoHf and in the Chinese language S^)on; each of
which words signifying bam arfinmdaium oftkeSim.
— Kten^fer, p. 58. The whole of Qu^alcoatTs nqrs*
terious conduct appears to be nothing more than the
common trick of the Lamas, the kii^ of Acolhnacan,
and all the Bbuddist tribes in Mongolia, Thibet and
Tangut. With resjpect to the strangers having beards,
the superior Mongols who mixed with Pecsians and
others had beards, as is kiiown by the portraits of
Tamerlane, and his descendants in Hiddostan. The
writer lias never seen a portrait of Genghis Khaa or
KuUaL By the Mexicans saying to Cortez, when he
was besieging their capital, '' Considering that thou
art the child of the Sun, why dost thou not entreat
thy father to make an end of us^O Sun! that canst

Digitized by

Google

CkriLy MONTEZUMA IS UPRISONBa 8<9

HMNre prteents, deptrted. Some days after-'
metds, Cortez Tisited Montesulnay aad cfe^
manded reparation for an assault by his peo-
ple, in wkidi some Spamards liad "been killed^
He required Montesrama to r^noveto his palace^
{[uromising that he should be honourably served
and attehded, llie empehMr was confiHUided,
and bereared of speech, at this proposal; He at
lei^th hanghtily replied/ that persons of his

go laand about the worldin 4 day and a nigfht^ take
us out of this miserable life, for we desire death.** —
Qmnara in Purchas, Vol. y. p. 872. This appeals to
prore to a eertainty, that the Mexicans expected diQd-
ren of the Sun, (that is Mongols), and that Cortez had
assumed that character. We find that the vision of
Viracocha, brother to Mango Capac, had a long beard.
-^-'Seep.lT.ifthUfrork.

*^ Dr. Siguenza supported his opinion with great
learning, that Quetzalcoatl was St. TAoma8,'''^Clatn^
gero, B. ii) The first Spanish monks gravely discuss-
ed, if he were an hridmian or a Carthaginfao.— J^iin*
boldi, iL 250. The banks of the Tula is the site of
a Lama's residence, {Du Halde's niap), and little doubt
can ifemain but that the Lama of diat epoch accom^
paiued the Toltecs* There was very possibty some-
thnes an intercourse between Anahuac and Tula in
Asia. The arrival of several successive people, at the
jan^e safe retreat, wammts that conjecture*

Digitized by

Google

830 SON OP THE KING3URMT ALIVE. [CJLF//.

rank were not accustomed to surrender tlieiii-
sdvet is that maimer; and that his subjecta
woidd not permit sudi an affhmt. This warm
debate continued three houn, wfaai Telasquea
de Leon exclaimed — ^ Why waste more time!
let ua seize him, or stab him to the heart**
Hia fierce Yoioe and gesture terrified Monte^
anma; and, abandiming himself to firte, he
complied with their request. The emperor
was carried, by his astonished and afiBicted of-
ficers, an bathed in tears, to the Spanish quar*
ters.

Qualpopoca, son of the emperor, and five of
his principal officers, were summoned to the
capital, by orders issued by Montezuma. They
were brought to trial; and, for opposing the
Spaniards, were, by a court martial, condemn-
ed^ and burned alive. Cortez, during this
scene, ordered the emperor to be fettered.—*
His attendants, speechless with horror, held up*
the fetters on his 1^, to lighten them, while
tiie disconsolate monarch broke out into loud
lamentations and complaints. After the exe-
cution, the fetters were removed; at which

Digitized by

Google

Ck. Fir.} THE XING IS WOUHMD. 381

Montestttmia was in ft tftoisport itf grfttitiide^^
Modtte were ihuii pusaing by, whefi ybrntetn^
txOL, with grofttts and imfs, hk tbe pres^tce of
hid chief subjects, ackncni^tedged Inmsdf a tas*
sal of the king of Castile; &ti which thera was
a sidlen murmur amdiig the nobles^

Aftet various events, not MquisiW for this
sketchi the Mexicans attacked the palace.

Cortez induced Montezuma to show himself,
in hopes of appeasing the tumult; to widch
he assented, and he advanced to the battle-
ment in his royal robes. The Mexicans, at
sight of their revered sovereign, prostrated
themselves, and the weapons fell from their
hands: every tongue was mute* The emperor
used many arguments to make ihem cease
hostilities* A murmuring was heard, and
threats ensued, followed by flights of arrow*
and vollies of stones. Two arrows wounded
the unfortunate monarch, a stone struck him
on his trample, and he Ml. The Mexicans fled
with horror. Montezuma was carried to his
apartment, and Cortez hastened to him to con-
sole him. The unhappy emperor, during his

Digitized by

Google

93S MOKTBZUMA KJLf«S HIMSBLF. lCh.VII.

confloaneat feding how low he was swok, in a
tmiu^rt ^ rage tore the bandages from his
wounds, obstinatdy refusing nouridiment, and
rejecting with disdain the solicitations of the
Spaniards to embrace the Christian fiuth*. He
died about the end of June, 1520, after seven
HKmths' impriscmnmit, in the eighteenth year
of his reign, and. fifty-fourth of his agef.

• ♦ Robertsoiii B, v.

t Clavigero, VoL iL 110. Oomara aays he was
forty-onej which must be a mistake. The portrait is
from a copy which Gemelli published of the original, in
the possession of Seguenza; this is copied from Ckri-
gero. — See Ms Preface, p. x. The Lamas in Tangat
and Mongolia wear a mitre and cap like bishops. —
Dti Hctlde, Voh ii« S63. Montezuma's mitre was some-
times made of plateH of gold, sometimes of: golden
thread and beautiful feathers. When he went to the
temple he wore a white habit. — ClavigerOf VqL L 34S.
White is the Mongol religious dress. — Marco Poh,
p. dS8. The author of the Codex Jnar^mous^ says;
'' that the Mexican sovereign is figured holding flow-
ers in cme hand, and a reed with a cylinder of odori-
ferous resin at the end,' in the other. The Mexican
painters represent kings .and great nobles with naked
feet, to. indicate that they constantly ought to be car^
ried in . palanquins." — Humboldt j Vol. i. p, ^CM*. The
emperors of Hindostan are thus represented in Dow s
history.

Digitized by

Google

\

Ck:FlI.] . MONTEZUMA'S PBR6(»7. aSS

' Montezama was a peison of good ^BMme,
with an indifferent complexion^ long visage^*
and lively eye& — Ciav. Voi.ii., p. 111.

Gomara; (in PorchaSj VoL iii. p. 11^), de**
scribes him of small stature, lean, tawny, with
a thin black beard, and six little hairs, as if
planted with a bodkin, and long hair on his
head. He was called Monteznmazin, finr digni^
ty*. Three of the emperor's sons had pedsh^
ed in the contest ¥rith the Spaniards. The
iBost remarkable of those who survived was
Johualicahuatzin, or Don Pedro Montezuma,,
from whom descended the Counts Montezunm
and Tula. From the emperor Monteznma^s
beautiful daughter, Tecuichpotzhif, are de*
scended the noble houses of Cano Montezuma
and Aiidreda Montezuma.

' * iSin ia the Mogul word {orgreaitgis is the «uper-^
lative, Zingb Khan jneaxa greatest khan. — Abut Ohassi,
VoL i. 79. This tenpination was also used by the
Toltecs.

. t Clavigero^ uu 111^* That princess was baptized;
by the name of Elizabeth, and survived five husbands;
viz. the last two kmgs of Mexico, and three Spanish
omcer^.—irumboldiy Pbl/n. 253.

Digitized by

Google

3M GUATUfOaSINUTOIlTimBP. ICh^FIL

Btat tamiblas foHMred the doiilL of the
evymror. The Mexicsa chiiefis raised his bro-
ther QuedtTaca to the throne, but lie very
soon died of the small poz» which was not
ImowQ there till tfie Europeans arrived* Oua^
timocan, nephew and son-in-law of Montesunuw
was elevated to the &tal dignity. After vaidn
ons evttnti^ the Spaniards, on tbw return te
Mexieoi were ranged at finding so little trea-
sure: soaie eren suspected that Cortes and his
eonfiteits had appropriated a lai^ pmrtifm te
thdr own use. Imagining that Guatimoain
ndgfat have ccmoealed some of die treaswrei^
Cortea, without any reverence tor the virtoes
and misfortunes of the last monarch of the
Mexicans^ ordered that he should be tortured,
llie unhappy king b<»e the torments with in*
conceivable fortitude. His principal friend
was also a fallow sufferer upon another mdk:
overpowered by anguish, he turned a dejected
eye towards his master, as if to implore pe^
mission to reveal what he knew. His weak-
ness was checked by a look of authority and
scorn — *' Am /reposing upcgi (i bed^of flowersf

Digitized by

Google

€k. rtl.] END OP THE IfBXICAN ElTPIRB.

sitid kit Borereign; which twed Um te iOenrie^
and he expked. The cruel heart of Cortes*
was ashamed of this horrid scene; and tlie ino*
mrch was released from his torturefr^-and re<-
lierved for new indignities and snfibrings. At
length, A.D. 15&, on a slight Buspicion that
Onatimozin had formed a scheme to dudie off
the Spanish yoke, Cortez, wMiioat a trial, op*
^ered the unhi^y monarch, together with the
kings of Tescttco and Tlacopan — ^those who
were looked up to hy the Mexicans witii re*
Terence scarcdy inferior to that paid to their
gods — to be ignominiously hanged. Tlins end-
ed flie Mexican empiref .

Ancient City ofMesnco.

When Cdttes entered Mexico^ in 1&19, it
was the pride of the New Worid, and the n^

* Bemal Diss relates that thii uyiiftioe was nmdb
blamed, and caused some watching and melancbo^ to
Cortes.

t Robertson, B. v. Clavigero, B. x.

Digitized by

Google

ANCIBNT CITY OP MB3U€». ICkVIL

Mart moiiiiiiient of fte art alid mdiistryef
man, while nnacquakited with the me of iron,
«iid defttitote of aid from any domestic animal
Hie Spaniards who w^re most moderate in tbe
osculation, reckoned that it contained mkj
thonaand inhabitant. The habitations , of Ik
common people were mean, resembling tke
huts cS other Indians ; but they were all jiacei
in a regular manner on the banks of the canab^
which passed through the city in some ai its
districts, or on the sides of the streets^ whid
intersected it in other quarters. In aeveai
places were large openings or squares, one of
which was the great market, whfere forty or
fifty thousand persons carried on traffic.

The temples of their gods, . and the houses
belonging to the monarch, and persons of dis-
tinetion, were of such dimensions, that, in com-
parison with any other which had been sees,
they might be termed magnificent There
were other cities in New Spaiq^ ZemposUa,
Tlascala, Cholula, Tacuba, and Tezcuco, but
they are not described, and the accounts of

Digitized by

Google

CLVfl.] POPUJiATION OF THE CITY. 33T

ilie Spaniards, wten they fiist discovered them>
are supposed to be greatly exi^(gerated*.

Mexico, when Cortex entered it, says Acos-
ta» contained sixty thousand houses, in each of
which thfere are two, three, aiid in some ten
persons, by reason of which the dty is wonder*
fiilly replenished with people.
. The water is broi^t by a conduit froin
Capultepic, about three miles, from the city,
from the foot of a hill, where there are two
stone statues, with their targets and lances-r^
onq IB of Montezuma, the other of his &ther,
Axayacatl. This water is sold in the streets.

• See Robertson, Vol. ii. pp. 64, 274, (Peru was
not Aen diacovered)* Of die other cities, Zempoalla
appears to have be^n pne ol the most con»derabIe«
When Cortez went forward to that city, the elated
Spaniards who had preceded him, assured him that
they had seen a house with walls of silyer. To Ibis
house Cortez was conducted by the natives; but it
was found to be built of lime and stone, plaistered
with a white coating, which glittered in the Sun.—
Gamarain Purcioi, Vol. y.p. 860. In 1556, Robert
Tomson was at Mexico : he saith, there were one thou-
sand five hundred households of Spaniards, and three
hundred diousand Indians.**— /VircAof, Fol. v. p. 868.

Digitized by

Google

38S GRAND MARKET. [CA. VIl.

out of boats, whieh eonvey ii through the ca-
nals of the city; and a tax is paid for the
same.

The market-place, every fourth day> is some-
times attended 1^ a hundred thousand persons,
who come to barter their commodities from
, many parts of the kingdom. Every merdian-
diw hath its proper pkce appointed, vie. stone,
timber, lime, brick, and all materials for build-
mg« All kinds of mats^ coals, wood, earthen
vesads, glaeed and painted curiously ; deer skins,
raw and tanned, with or without the hair, df
many eolours, for shoemakers, for bucklers and
jerkins, and also for the lining of wooden
corslets: skins of beasts^ fowls in their feathers,
and ready dressed, of all colours, and strange
to behold; mantles of cotton; wool of various
colours, for beds, clothing, and tapestry; cot-
ton doth for shirts, table cloths, towels, nap-
kins, linings, &c. There were mantles made
of the leaves of the palm and metl tree, others of
rablnt for, very warm ; and thread made of the
for : the coverlets made of feathers are the best
There are skeins of cotton thread of all co-

Digitized by

Google

Ch. riL] BLEOANT GOLDEN TOYS. a39

iotirs* There is great store of wild^ tame^ and
water-fowl; also some birds of prey.

The splendour of th^ market is to be seen,
where articles of gold and feathers, jointly
wrought, are sold. They make a butterfly,
wild beast, trees, flowers, roses, herbs, in so
natural a manner, that it is. marvellous to be-
hold; a workman will turn a leather in the
ran to find out its proper shade and positicni,
with a wonderful patience, nor will he quit
his work to eat or drink till he has succeeded
perfectly.

The goldsmiths cast in moulds, or engrare
with tools made of flint. They will cast a
platter wilih eight comers, some of which are
gold, and some of silver, without any soldering:
f^teo fish, each alternate scale upon its back he*
ing of gold and sflver. They will make a par-
rot of metal, with his tongue shaking, bis head
in motion> and his wings fluttering. They cast
an ape in a mould, with the hands and fiset
moveable, holding a spindle in his hand seem-
ing to spin, and an apple as if to eat The
Spaniards were surprised to find that their

Z2

Digitized by

Google

340 FOOD LIKE THAT OF CHINA. [CT.WL

goldsmiths were not to be compared with those
of Mexico'*. They have skill in enamel work,
and can set any precious stone. In the mar-
ket they sell gold, silver, copper, lead, latUm,
and tin; of the three last not much. There
are pearls, precious stones, various stefls,
bones, sponges, and haberdashery toys and tri-
fles. There are herbs, roots, and seeds, £(»r food
and medicine. They have physicians and apo-
thecaries, but they spend little among them.
The victuals are snakes without the head and
tail, litde gelded dogs, moles, rats, long worms,
lice, and a. certain dust found on the waters,
like the ooze of the sea, and made into cakes
the size of brid^-bats: they eat this with as
much relish as we eat cheese, and send it afiur
off for sale. It is this scum which attracts
such infinite numbers of wild-fowl to the lake
in the winter" season. All the sellers in the
market pay to the king a certain sum for their
shops and stalls. There are officers to jHrevent
thieving; and in the midst of the market a con*

* See also Clovigero, Book yiL Sec. l?iiL

Digitized by

Google

Ck. riL} BfARKET. LAWS AND JUSTICE. 341

spicuous house, where twelve ancient men sit
for the despatch of justice. The goods are bar-
tered; as, a bundle of maize for a hen, a man-
tle for salt, or for cacao, which is their money,
They have measure and strike for all kinds of
com; and earthen measures for honey and
wine. If any measure be false, it is broken.,
and the i^enda punished*. — Lapen de Gomch

* We may easily nna^e that this sudden and es>
traordinhry grandeur, was not the work of the Aztecs
described by Clayigero, who had been above one
bundred and twenty years on the road in their nugra-
tiouy and were reduced to such a condition of misery
and slavery as he describes.

If we reflect that this order, justice', perfection in
the golden toys, cotton, articles Hke wadding, scum of
tiie sea, &c. are all exactly Chinese customs, and tiiat
Mexico had been founded only in 1325, and that ele«
phants! bones have been found in a tomb in Mexico;
can a doubt remain of the Mexicans as well as the
Peruvians, owing this knowledge and state of society
to the shipwrecked warriors in the year 1283? Sir
John Maundevile, p. 261, was at Pekin early in tiie
fourteenth century, he describes at die court of the
Grand Khan, " tables of gold, upon which were placed
peacocks and many other kinds of birds, all richly
wrought in gold and enamel, which were so curiously
constructed as to dance, sing, and clap tiieir wings.

Digitized by

Google

348 COURT OF MONTEZUMA. [CA. VII.

ra, tfi PmrehM, Vol. in. Ck ix. p. 112S. CUm-
gero,Bookni.

Grandeur qf Montezuma.

The emperor had a pleasant countenance
and good eyes; gravity and good humour were
blended when he spoke. He was neat and fine
in his attire^ and bathed in his hot bath four
times each day: he ate always alone, soleamly,
and with great abundance. His table was ei-
ther a pillow^ or a couple of coloured skins. —

But I the less marvel> (says he), because they are the
Bubtilest men in the world.** What other part of the
earthy except the eastern countries of Asia, could have
suddenly mtroduced these arts of the Peruvians and
Mexicans? The very food is that of Tartars and
Chinese, who eat dogs and rats, {Bu Halde, Vol. i.
p. 314), nor are they averse to the vermin mentioned.
—(Bees's C^. *' Clwuiy The cakes made of the
scum of the lake are analogous to the birds* nests of
the Chinese: *' the birds take the firoih of the sea to
cement their nests, as swallows use mud. This matter
being dried becomes solid and transparent*" — Du
Halde, Vol. I p. 302. The regular lines in which the
city was planned ^ with the canals^ are very like a Chinese

Digitized by

Google

CkVII.} ASIATIC GRANDEUR. 343

His chair was a four-fi>oied stool, formed of one
piece, hollow in the middle, wdl made, and
painted. His table eloths, napkins, and towels,
were of cottcm, very white, and were never
used but once. Four hundred pages^ sons of
the nobles, brought in his dinner, and placed
it upon a table in the great hidl; when Monte^
suma reviewed it, and pointed out those viands
of which he would eat : thej were kept warm
in chafing-dishes. B^nre he sate down, twentf
of his &iiest wives, or those that served week^
ly by turns, entered, and humbly presented the
bason and ewer: he then seated himself, and a
wooden trellis-work was drawn before him by
the lord steward, who alone served him bare*^
foot^ and in profound silence*. GawuarUy Vol. nu
p. 1126.

• '' The Grete Chan hadie, every day, fifty fair
damyseles, alle maydenes, that serven him everemore
at hb mete, and for to lye be hkn o inght, and for to
do with hem that is to his plesance. And whan he is
at the table, thei bryngen him hys mete at every time,
five and five togredre. And in biyngynge hire ser*>
vyse, thei syngen a song. And after that, thei kutten
his mete, and putten it in his mouthe,'lbrhe touchethe

Digitized by

Google

344 KETTLE DRUMS. MUSIC. [CAl 177.

At a distance were dx aadent nbUemeD^
to whom the king gave such dnhes aa he
knew they liked best; which they reoeiiied
witii rererence, and ate of them without lock*-
ing the lord Montecuma in the £ice.

There was music of fiddle^ flote^ snail-shell,
a kettle drum/ and other strange instraments,
accompanied by discordant voices. Alwsys at
dinner time he had dwarfe, crook^backs^ and
other defomiied persons for their singularity and
to laugh at: these had their meat in the hall»
among the jesters and idiots, who were aU

no thing, ne handlethe nou|^t; but holdethe evere-
more his hondes before him upon the table, for he
hathe so longe nayles, that he may take no thing.** — Sir
JohnMoMOHteviltf p. 376. This very remarkable iden-
tification was written at about the period of Hiefoundr
ation of Mexico, as Maundevile commenced hb traTets,
A. D. 1322, and returned m 1356. This is probably
the first mention of hngnaiU; deemed, perhaps, one of
Maundevile*s tin. He was at Pekin where the M<^^
Khans then resided, and with his companions was fif-
teen months in the Grand Khan's service. From the
attachment of the Moguls to the Lamas, and titeir
effeminate conduct and manners, these hardy conqn^-
ors became so degenerated, that tliey were expdled
firom China in 1369.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. VII.] DINNER SBRVICB OFOOLD. 346

Benred from Uie king's taUe; when ike rest
was sent to the three thousand guards, who
were in attendance in the court*yard of the par
hce. About three thousand pots, of win^
such as they drink, were served with the din-
ner. The platters, dishes, and cups, were all
of earth; and the king was never served in
them a second time. His service of .gold and
silver was very rich, but he would not use it»
as he thought it a base thing to eat twice on
the same dish. Some aflBrm, that children
were slain and dressed for Montezuma's taUe^
but it was not so; only of man's flesh, sacri-
ficed, he fed now (md then^ After dinner
Montezuma sat still; now suitors approached
bowing three or four times, barefoot and their
eyes towards the earth ; and when he had ,an-
swered them, gravely in a low voice, and in

* According to Maundevile, p. 3093, it was the cus-
tom of the Mongolsto taste or eat a bit of the prisoners.
** Aftre that thei ben zolden (yielded) thei sleen hem
alle, and kutten of hire eres, and sowcen hem in vyne-
gre, and there of thei maken gret servyse for lordes."
(Such was the language of a learned Englishman in
die fourteenth century).

Digitized by

Google

346 JU6GLEB& DICB. [Ci. VH.

few words^ they retired^ walkiog backwajndSj
witiiout em tunuiig their fmw from the mim-
arch. Many of the suitors ware heard and re-
j^ied to hy the secretaries aad couraeltors^ who
were in attendance. After this audience^ jesters
singers^ and some who play with thar feet, 83.
others do with their hands, amused his majes-
ty. They throw a cudgel high m the air, and
catch it like a balL Some of these playem
were brought to Spain. They stand on each
others* shoulders and the one who is highest
pktys many feats.

Sometimes Montezuma would look on while
others were playing at paeoUztU, which is
much like our tables; and they plagr with
beans, squared like dice, called patolli, which
they throw out of both hands upon a mat, cht
upon the ground, where certain lines are niade»
and they set down the chance they have thrown.
Some of the common people will risk all they
have at this game, and even lose their own
persons to serve as slaves.

The king frequently visited the Tennis Court
The ball is made of gum, called uiU: it is as

Digitized by

Google

Ch. VII.I TBNNK COURT. 347

black as pitch, somewliat heavy and hard for
the hand, butlig^lo rehocmd^ and better than
Spanish wind balls. Tbey play not at diases
but at bandy or check, tiiat is, if the ball touch
the waU it loses: they may strike the ball with
any part of their bodies. It is kiwfiil at this
game to ride loaiDg their own bodies^ Thecourt
is \img and narrow,.wider at the top than at tiie
•bott<mi,andhigher at the sides than at the ends.
The walls are white and smooth, ^i^ in the
ride walls are stones like mill stcmes, witii a
hole in the middle, just large enoi:9h for the
ban to pass : and he who strikes a ball through
a hole, whidi seldom happens^ has by the rules
a right to the cloaks of all those who stand by.
They had two images or gods of the bidl,
to which they prayed.

Montezuma had many palaces: the one in
which he chiefly residedhath three courts; in one
is a £Eur fountain, many halls, and one hundred
chambers from twenty-three to thirty feet long;
and one hundred baths, hot and cold. The walls
were of mason's work of marble, jasper, and
black stones with veins of red; the roofe were
wrought of timber, cedar, cypress and pine.

Digitized by

Google

348 A THOUSAND LADIES. [CA. VIL

without naib; and was curiously carved. The
chambers w«e pamted and hong with doth €i
cotton, or dse made of feathers and rabbif s hair.
For beds they use mantles laid upon mats, or
mats alone. There were (me thousand ladies;
and including the attending gentlewomen and
slaves, about three thousand, many of than
were noUemen's daughters. Montezuma took
those which he liked best; and many he gave
in marriage to his gentlemen*.

The diield or arms of the king is an eagle or
griffin, seiadng a tiger with his talons.

lliere was another palace; which had gal-
leries with pillars of jasper, leading to a good-r
ly garden: in which are ten or more ponds of
fresh and salt water, full of every kind of lake
or river bird ; mostly unknown to the Spaniards
and admirable to behold. They were careful-
ly attended by three hundred persons. Tapes-
try, tufts, targets, and rich mantles were made
of their feathers, most perfectly worked.

There is another house for birds of prey,
hawks, and others bigger, which were esteem-

* The same was the custom with the Mongob and
Incas.— ^ Ch. IV. « /Ftw."

Digitized by

Google

CkVlL} GRAND MENAGERIE. 349

ed as the most noble^ these were fed with five
hundred guinea cocks daily.

The dwar& and monstrous persons are kept
in halls separately: there are some which are
bom quite white^ but thid seldom happens*
' In the lower halls^ in great cages of timber,
the lions, tigers, ounces, wolves and every four
footed beast, were kept^ and hd with guinea
ibwls, defier, dogs, &c.

There' were in other halls, immense vessels
of pottery, some filled with earth, others with
water, wherein were snakes as thick as a man^
thigh, crocodiles or caymans, twenty feet long,
vipers and other reptiles terrible to behold. The
blood, and soAe say, the flesh of men sacrificed,
were given to the snakes and beasts. It was
pleasatit to 'see how every one of the persons
in charge of the animals was occupied.

The roaring of the lions, the fearful hissings
of the snakes and adders, the howling of the
wolves, the yelling of the tigers and ounces,
when they were to be fed, was a strange sight.
It seemed a dungeon of hell and dwelling place
of the devil; and so it was indeed, for near it
waa a ludl one hundred and fifty feet long.

Digitized by

Google

S50 ARMORY. SWORDS. [CA. FII.

and thirty broad, where was a chapel, with a
roof covered with plates of silver and gold,
store of pearls, agates, emeralds, rubies, and
other sorts; and this was the oratory where
Monte2aima prayed in the night season; and
where the devil appeared unto hiai, and gave
him answers according to his prayers.

The king had some armories contaming
all the munitions of war, bows and arrows,
slings, lances, darts, clubs, swords, bucklers,
and gallant targets, more trim than strong.
The wood they use is very hard, and thdr ar*
rows are pointed with flint or fish bone; and
are venomous, if the head remain in the wound.
The swords are of wood and tiie edge is of
flint; with these they cut off a horse's neck at
a blow. They festen the flint on the staff wiA
a glue which never afterwards separates. It is
made of a root called Zocoft, rasped and mixed
with the blood of bats. Thus they make augers
and piercers, with which they bore timber and
stone.

This great king had many parks, with bucks,
harts, hares, and .other beasts; and many fish--
ponds for sport. — History of Francis Lopen

Digitized by

Google

Ck.ril.'] GRAND 6ARDEKS. 351

de Oamara, m Purekas, Vol. m. p. 1123, ftc.
Clavigero, Book vii.

The Mexican were skilful gardeners. The
garden of the lord of Iztapalapan was laid out
in four squares, and a number of roads and
paths. It was^ planted with every variety of
beautiful and sweet-smelling trees, flowering
shrubs, aromatic herbs, and fruit-bearing trees.
It was watered by canals, in which barges
eonid pass, with a fish-pond in the centre, six-
teen hundred paces in circumference, with
steps to the bottom all round it; and was the
resort of innumerable water-fowl. This gar-
den was improved by Montezuma's successor,
and was admired by Cortez and Bemal Diaz,
llie garcfen of Huaxtepec was six miles in cir-
cumference, and a beautiful river ran through
it Several pleasure-houses were built in it. —
This one was full of foreign plants, and was
preserved many years by the Spaniards*. — Cla-
vigero, Vol. i. p. 378.

* This grandeur of Montezuma is almost an exact
copy of that of the Incas : ^and both of them are known

Digitized by

Google

852 MONGOL-CHINE8B ORIGIN. [CA. VII.

in America^ only siiioe the arrival of Mai^ Capac,
which was forty-two years before the foundation of
Mexico. The aims are exacdy the same as those
used by the Mongols; and most of the rest of the arts
and customs are so faithfidly copied from the manners
of the Moguls and the Grrand Khans in Kublai's time,
that it is only necessary to refer the reader to Marco
Polo» and Sir John Maundevile to be convinced that
it is quite tn^Mttsibfe the similitude should have ariaoi
thus suddenly and from chance. It must be particu-
larly recollected that there does not exist any evidence
of die Me idcans and Peruvian9 having any knowledge <^
each other when diey were discovered by the Spaniards.
Any person who is acquainted with the manners and
customs of the Moguls in Hindoostan, will not fail to
leeogniae many similarities, for which it would have
been irksome to have sought out historical authorities,
nor was it deemed necessary.

Digitized by

Google

353

CHAPTER VIII.

Identity of the Mangob and Mexicans.

Pyramids. Human Sacrifices. Signs

of Time. Number Nine. Hierogly^

phics. Veneration for the Ot^l. Mex^

icon Warrior. Funerals. Cosmogo^

ny. Vapour Baths. Silk^ and Silk

Taper. Copper Tools. — - Numerous

Small Temples.

Ptramibb.

W HEN the Mexicans^ or Aztecs^ took pos-
session of New Spain^^ they found the pyra-
midal monuments of Teotihuacan^ of C9iolula»
andpfPapantla. They attributed these edifices
to the Toltecs, a powerful tmd ciyilized nati<mf

• The date of the arrivals of the Ajrtecs aad Bfod-
is treated of in Ch. VII.

AA

Digitized by

Google

364 PYRA3«DS. [CA.F7//.

who inhabited Anahnac above five hundred
years earlier; but it is possible that pyramids
may be of ant««ippdate,to tbe jefr 648 of the
vulgar era*.

- 5-.\; nvf.'.'l^ inv:i uo'i .\>;/u, ^ /i \t v*i.i< .i

* This conjecture q( the Mexicans is a presumptive

proof that they considered these shaped structures as
bekMogip^ to. .their. ^i^itof^Hn ^ .acCjC»4iiig|]r diey
themselves likeifise. built one* The Xoltecs an4 As-
t&A^t MelSckild dpoke the tiianle language. Pyrtanids
were usdJ in Mon^oJia^ ^^^l»tbe-aQ«iciBl JafytpCPara
fi(otun, twenty Chinese li in circumference, die found-
MionsanS lirge pieces of the wall are^to be seenV' with
two pyrawSdB in rtdnM. ^ThU cii^ was buUi b^^ the
successors of thefasnous Kublai. Ri^ of their cities
are to be seen in twenty places m^ Tartary. — ^)u
HMe, ii. 250, S51. It is to be hunented that Du
Halde does not mentiQ^, i^ ^i^ of the pyramids, but
Ihey must originally have been considerable, to have
oaosedtbin remark* ,,7^ Mopgcb of Afof^s ^Itl^oiii^
Mabomedans, continued to build such structures, to

ftWe^'and-terrify(heir;en^miesJ *!

»The^ Bfogd &ap^Mr,^ Bbbety immediiltely «tfUi
this celebrated victory, A. D. 1526, assumed the title
of GKazif and "as "a ^moiiuineht to perpetuate the
iHsiatiif Sf^ttig'l^ttl^, he V^ffeifed a f^yfamid «b M
built upon an eminence near the field, which, accord-
ing to the custom of his age and nation^ was stuck
round wHh the heads of the slain. An astrologer^
fior his fidse predictkm, was severity reprimanded: bat

Digitized by

Google

CkiFin,} PYRAMI061 355

r The teoaaUl: of Mexio»: was ...dedicated to
resoatUpocsyllierfint. of the Aztec diyinities
itfter Teot^ who'is the supreme and invisible
being, andtoHiiitzilopochtK,4;he<godof war.
It was built by t&e Aztecs on- the model of the
pyramids, of iTootlihuaean, six years only be-
fore the disddveiy of Amierica by Christbpher
Cplombus. . ;; ., . ; . . . ..

This truncated pyramid, xndiedt%y.€ortei
the principal temple, was ninety^seven metres
i» breadth,! ai.itsfbasis, ■and Mty^4ot» taetxtB
high*.. ITiis-'was destroyed by thfrSpafdards.
jt< We shall describethe anoittit'cmetij'attti^ut-
^ to the I'bltcRcs J-— Tbtf groi:^ of pyramids of
TeotUhuacan is ei^t kt^^ues-north-east^ ^m
Stetfco, in a plain called Micctttl, tfr the JMk
^ik* Daad,' > T^ett are two Jai^e Mer dedi-
cated'iff the Sott (l^di^iuh) "and to'fh^Mooli

" ' •'• \,M - • ■ -^ : ■ ■ ' • '

was presented with a lac of rupees and bamished from
Ae empire.*'-f Anv** Bindoaitm'i PiU. & 186. -llnmr

of ninety thousand skuDs at Bagdat. — Shertffddm.
• A metre is 39.370S inches Englishr^

AA2

Digitized by

Google

356 PYRAMIDS. [CtuVUL

#

(Metdi): they are smrroimded by seroal han*
dreds of small pyramidB, which fonn streda, in
exact Itties from north to sonth^ and from east
to west. One is fifty-five^ the other forty-four
metres in perpendicnlar height The basis of
the first is two hundred and ei^t metres in
Imgth. It is, according to Mr. Oteyn's ^lear^
surement made in 180S, higher than the My-
eerinuB, the thirdof the three great pyramids of
Geem, in Egypt; and the length of its base
nearly equal to that of the Cephren* The
small ones are nine or ten metres high» and are
said to be burial-places of the chiefii of the
tribes. The two large ones had four principal
stories, each subdivided into steps. The nu«
dens is composed of clay mixed wit)i small
stcmes, ttod incased by a thick wall of porous
amygdaloid. This construction recalls to
mind that of one of the Egyptian pyramids of
Sakh^tra, which has six stories ; and which, ac-
cording to^ Pocppk, is a nuMW^ of pebbles and
yellow, mortar, covered on the outside with
rough stones.
On the top of the Mexican teocallis were

Digitized by

Google

CA. F/7/.] STATUES OF THR SUN AND MOON. 367

two colossal statues ei the Sun and Mo(hl —
They were of stone coveFed'witii plates <^g<rid>
which woe stripped off bj the soMieni of Cor-
tez. These structures were at the »Eune time
toitabs and temj^es^. When B&hop Zumara-
ga^ a Franciscan monk, undertook the debtruo-
tion of whatever rdated to the woridiip, the
history, and the antiquities of the natives of
America, he ordered also the demolition of the

*- The Sun and Moon are the especial objects of
worship of the Mongols. Teoilihuacan appears to
be the name of the place where the pyrttDsid stimds,
but it is by no means improbable, as these were tombs
as well as temples, that they bore the names of, the
illustrious dead, like those of the Egyptian kings,
Cheops and his brother Cephren.
. • Thiautcon, or Khan, is a Mongol name; the Grand
Khan of the Mongols and Tartars, who was upon the
throne of China when Sir John Maundeyile was at
Pekin, in the fourteenth century, was so named. {See
hii Travels, p. 2&9). The Chmese History does not
record the Tartar names, but by the date 5t must be
Shui|-Ti the last Mongol emperor, who was expelled
for his introdncing the idolatry of the Lamas <^ Thi-
bet—2)u Halde, Vol. i. p. 817. There is sufficient
similitude in the name to make it worth attention, as
there may have been a chief bearing that name among
thtfToltecs.

Digitized by

Google

idols of the plain of MiooatF.^ We stiU disco-
Ter the remapis of a staucaM built with lacge
hewn stones^ which formerly led tO' the plat-
fnrm of the teocalU*

The pyramid of Papantla is on the: eart<of
the above group, in. tiie thick forest of Tajin.
It was discovered iiy lehanee tiurty years ago;
for tfaci Indiilns oarefully concieal from the
Spaniaidsrwhatevert waa an lobject of veneca-
tion. It had six or seven stories^ is more ta-
pering than any otl^^r^ eighteen metres high,
and only twenty-five at the base. It is built
entirely of hewn stones, of an extrordinaiy Bwe,
and very beautifiilly and reffularly shaped.—
Three staircases lead to the top. The cover-
ing of its' step? is decorated with hieroglypfai-
cal sculpture and sn^alt niches/ the number of
which seems \ far allude. tA the .three, himdred
and' ^Yghteeii' simple and compoijnd 1^^ bY
the days of the civil calendar of the Toltecs. —
Th6 greatest^ the most andent/and theknost
celebrated in Anahuac, is the teocalli of Cholu-
la* A square house was discovered in the
interior, built of stone, and supported by hf-

Digitized by

Google

CkFin.^ HYRABflDS. 359

|ure88ibeams: i^coirtamed.'lwo 41u!kiona, per-
faapa'ofimfortiiiiateiidaves, 'idols in' tmsalt, .imd
a^ great, number of vases^ durioiudy Vamicdied
and ^inted^ but which vrare not pMseryed:
th^re* wag na outlefc ' The bricks' were ar^^
ranged likeui^ep^work, intheonamysrof^somie
Egyptian edificte. There wacr ah altto: at the
top. of the^pyramid^ dedieatad^to Quetmlcoad,
the most mysterious being of the Mcmcim my-
thqlqc^y^. . He was a white an^ bearded )n^>
like: the Boehida of the Muyseass anid^ Ugh
priest of Tula/ (Tollan), legislate!*, and chief
df a refigiousiseot lihe^the S<my»9ifi and Boud^
histcf of Hindbstah^who inflicted on themselves
the 'most cruel penimces. ^> <

The Indians of Choliila have a remarkable
tradition, that the great pyramid was not orig-
inally destined to serve for the worship of
QuQjb^atooaA}, whi^h trftdiUpn is r^Qprded in
a mJUittsit^pt of Pedi^'del^ Rio^^ 156Gf.

* See refilfupks on McotesuuiaVx^^ with

Cdrt€^ te8{»ecting this Baint— Piige 337.

t This may possibly allude to its having been orig-
inally appropriated to the exhibiting of the skulls of
the vanquished; according to the custom of Mongols.

Digitized by

Google

SOO SACRBD ANTHEM. [CIL VIU.

(Here is inserted a fiibidoiis origiii of tlnspyiB-
mid^ resembling in many cirenmstances the ac-
comit of Babel). Rios^ to prove the antiquity
of ihe £Eible^ observes, that it ivaa contained in
a hymn which the Cholulans sang at their fies-
tivals, b^tinnii^ with TuUman kubdaet;
words belonging to no dialect at present known
in Ueidoo^r^Hutnboldt, Vol. I p. 81 to 07.

. Every day, as the sun was about to rfise^seve-
ral Mexican priests/ standing on the upper
area of the temple, with thdr fiMres towards
the east, each with a quail in his hand, saluted
that luminary's i^pearance with music, and
made an offering of the quails, after cutting off
their heads. This sacrifice was succeieded by
burning of incase, with a loud accraipaniment

* The first of these words may relate to the name
of their country Tula. With regard to the second.
We find that the Incas of Peru sang hymns in praise
of the Sun, composed of the word hajftti which signified
triumph. — Seep.lSS. After the reading of which, those
who put any confidence in etymological prooft will not
think the inference a strained one, that would construe
Ihbmian hubdaex to be an invocation of the people of
Tuk to the Deity.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. VUL-l QUAILS. IMCEN8E. 801

of mtufical instniiiawti. AU dafiy burni; in^
ceme to their idote^ no lioiise\wlui withimt its
emimei, and tiiis offinring cS cpjial was a ciidl
oourtesy to great persons^. — Ckmgeroj VoL%
282,388.

** The h91 of Xochioalo is a loass of roek4>
to whidi the hand of man has given a reg«kur
conic form, and which is dividod intp five fttor
iws or tenaces, each covered with masonry*
These terraces are nearly twenty^ metres in
perpendicttlat hc^hty but narrow tow&fds tbe
t^ as in the Astec pyramids, thie^ suimnii oi
which was decorated with :an altar* The hill

* It has been seen in Ch. 11. that the Peruvians
^'liad temples to the Snn and Moon, and watched die
risiDg of the Sun. — Seep. 189. QtMrib were distinguished
from other game by the Mongols, as if devoted to higher
use dian merely to be eaten as food. — See Marco Polo^
p. 840, The using of incense before great penaaa is
custcmiary with the Mongols. ** When the emperor
TIdaui Khan passes through cities, every man maketh
a fire before his door, strewing upon it sweet gums.
When there are Christians^ as there are in many dties,
ihey go before him in procession with the cross and
holy water^ singmg Veni Creator^ Spiritus, with a high
voice." — Maundevile, p. 294. Lignum aloes was much
used as incense in Kublai's reign.

Digitized by

Google

^^

36fl PERU. CAITADA. MONGOLIA. iCh.rjIL

ii'sumnmded by A'deef Mnlverf broad^dite^
so-thast the urbole entreuidiiiiebt is b^ fottt
ihbtiaind oMica in cnrcomferenoe. On tbe
lidge'of tbe Ck>rdilieyftd of Peftf, mA K»
heights ahnost equal to that of the Peak-<rf
TeaeiiBbf M. B<midand attd nrfsdf hJiVe sifra
laMmameiitfr «tiU more c(»i8iderable< Lin^ of
defetice, and entrenchments of extfaordinttir
length, are found in the plaiw of Cimatk.
The whole of th^se American woite resemble
these which are daily discovered in the eastern
part ' Of' ' Ajtia; nations of ^tho Mongol meet
especially those Who «re' most' adVaJSc^' iii
civilization, have built walls which separate
wboteproviacesa. Among the omameiits of
the pytiami of Xecfaicalco^ we distinguish
heaqs pf ^rocod^ Bpputm^ waiter/ sii^ figurea
df men>«itting croels4e{^dy.ajQGorduig to. the
custom of Several' natftiiB of 'Astif. ^'—WAh
boldt. Vol Lp.lia. :.,. ., , „„ .,.. .

♦ See Wars and Sports^ p. 189, Where 'suc1i*ffgtircs
of men are described at Caracorumj this capital iif the
Mengek; Crocodiles' heaids ar% quite common in
Chinese architecture. We find, in Strahlenbergi p*

Digitized by

Google

Ck. VIIL] PYRAMID^ IN TARTARY, 383

. Human Saer^es. ,,,, ^^

It is shown, in this volume, th&t ihe ^6ni-
viani^ and Meiicanli, ea6h killed tbrirfivorltt
wives and attendants, to bury them with thehr

365, that the pyramidal shape for thdr sepuJchres is
tery Hiicient in Tisurbrfy. ' ^- Soiiie^are'6lily Tftisedii^
of eartii as hij^ as houses, andfin such-immfa^ ob
ihe spacious plains,^that at a distance they appear like
ariclge of hillsl Others are' set' rouxid with rough
hewn stones/ and 'some V|t)i s^ftli^rd'ftee Stbtl^s^ imA
are of an obUmg or triangular ferm. In soipe placae^
the tombs are built entirely of stone. Hence we find
in the ancient maps of Great Tartary, a nuinber of
pyramids, with lliese woids^ in latin, ' The Pyramiilal
sepulcfares ^ the T^urtar|aq,|dqgi^'; thQ|]|gh>thejF,^
not so properly pyramids. Colonel Kanifer, at Jenesai,
told Ine, diat when the ambassadors of the Chinese
Tdrtard passed through that eiiy, ihey desiml hi^
to visit the graves of their ancestors**' ,

On the arrival of the Toltecs in Anahuac, they Would
naturally wish id inspire ihe'iiatfves wi& high notions
ofUieir power and grandetor. TVItfi inspect to any Hie-
curate resemblance to the pyramids of Egypt, it is byno
means improbable that persons may )iave accompanied
the migration of the Tbitecs, who had visited Egypt.
The Grand Khans of the Turks in the sixth cen-
tury, and the Mongols in th^ twelfth and thirteenth,
wha Resided near* the livers Irtish and Tula, hadj^m*
bassies Imd edmiminieation with 'the nationawha pos*

Digitized by

Google

364 HRST HUMAN SACRIFICE. [CA. Fill.

deceased lords^ and that it was also a Mongol
custom.

** That worship in nrhich no other oflferings
were made to the divinity than flowers^ in-
cense^ and the first fruits of their harvests^ ex-
isted without doubt at Mexico^ to the beginr
^^ ^ the fourteenth century. Count Stol-
berg has hazarded the hypothesis, that the
worshippers of Yishnoo^ and tiiose of Siva,
had spread themselves into America, and that
the sanguinary worship of the Mexicans is de-
rived from the latter.

" The Mexican gods were generally the
same with those of other nations in Anahuac,
differing only sometimes in name, celebrity, or
rites. Their enemies, the Tlascallans, and
tiieir allies of Tescuco, conformed afanost en*
tirely with the Mexicans.'"

The war with the inhabithants of the town of
Zochimilco, A. D. 1317, furnished them with
the first idea of a sacrifice.

The Colhuans signified their just abhorrence

Bcssed Egyjpt The region of Tula and Caracorum
appears to hare been the head quarters of the Tartars
who invaded or threatened China, from early ages.

Digitized by

Google

Ck VIIL'\ UNCERTAIN NUMBERS. 365

of ihte first sacrifice^ which was made m their
country; but, fearing the ferocity of their
slaves, and seeing them puffed up with pride
at llieir success in the war, they gave the Az-
tecs their liberty, and enjoined them to quit
the territory of Colhuacan V

Historians differ concerning the number of
victims annually sacrificed. Clavigero inclines
to think it twenty thousand. Zumaraga, in
his letter, June 12, 1531, says, that above twen-
ty thousand were annually sacrificed in the ca-
pital alone. Some authors, quoted by Goma-
ra, make the number fifty thousand in the
whole empire. On the other hand, Bartholo-
mew de Las Casas reduces the victims to fifty
annually, or at most one hundredf. Such un-
certainty is there on the score of numbers, that
others relate seventy^wo thousand, three hun-
dred and forty-four, and another writer says^
sixty-four thousand and sixty prisoners were

♦ Humboldt, VoL i. 21^^217. Clav^ero, B. vi.
and Vol.!. p. 118,259. The Gnffn has been de-
scribed in Ch. VII. which see, p. 286.

t Encyc Brit " Mexico."

Digitized by

Google

909 SXAflGBSATIONS. [Ck.¥IIL

BMvlMd ^.the oooMfiHitioniof t^iejbimplp of
Ahi^tabd, itt 1486V akhouj^, when C#irto2
w»t MiM«Kie9il9 J5^ tto poppJbMyon pf the
okf wifi wtmatod by senerSjpaiuftrdsoat.infy
«ho}itc9i<ty. tl¥Hi8w4t- An4 it. in 9a}d«th«t
thirty thousand woeraaorifleed at the ooroniih
tioniif.MQDtefeu^Qa*

I Then* ki not aiqr thing ithat nttyiheJcM de-
pend^ en.tfiin reports of numbers: but when
tfaepeisenii who* vepoTta is i^reatod, im^^^
stating the truths it is iinpossible to anrive at •
8alia&etinr!)riK>ncliisvak I Iq thisustano^ Las
Caaas^: the rirtttous KdToeftte of flie Indians^
witbea to ettennste.thek horrid .rite^; .irfiile^
<m fheothc^ hand^ to promote hur-own objects,
he oiitrageottdy eaoigg»ates the .atfo^t^ o|
the Spaflfiards, byAehargiag thrait mth the
massacre of ^.^^ «ii2SoM of the fo^
jjFeanu
The intention of ihe' writer io giving these

.♦ Reea^BiC^ •'Mexico.'*' ? ^
f Bobtfrtscm, \<A^ ii* p. 5$. Gamiun^ si^s^ -there
were sixty thousand kxmus* See/Parchas^ Vol iii\
p. IISI.

Digitized by

Google

em. wm.'\ human sacrificbs. wt

xiotes reganUng, Buman Au^ifices^ k tQ.praire,
tliat^ astkey were instilled in 4b9 IMmiw d^
scribad, they ckimot form an argmnent agaiMt
tbe Aztecs' being ofiMongol origin, wb^^it »pt
pears, till the year 1S17, offered only floweifikaMl
frnits ati the ahar. of thaii^ dtrimty. It might
with as much jii Aice-be dmdd, tiiat the CShvist^
iaaxsonquerors of the Aztecs, who, ill thb Qm^
midiro in Mexico, formedy consnmed aHtf e in
the Raines thdr n^erablei#Uow-being9, were
persons whos^ religion JEculoat^s pieace «|d.ber
neyolence,and inspires consolation under those
afflictions which are. inseparable from human
existence.

These itwo aixooiously inhwman iostfitutions,
it is curious enotigh td obs^rre, -arose at neav^
ly the same period*.

'^"The* Spaniards ( would bave redeemed many of
tS^ l^kdBSfl^, by the^ abolition of bmisa» tiaoiiftces in
6tte%fifipdi b^'theyttot introduced 'the same horror
^^IKii^nh^ 8HI>i(i(61^e» ciKiel. 'tlie annak of England
are stained with the same atrocities, wMch*^i£!8 tab^
hoped at>e;^VfUHcdimtlrites/a< ah efid fU^eV^.' It iff to
be deplored" that they existed so lately in Mexico as
the year 1769, if we must believe the following: ** A
few paces off, facing tbe Alameda, is tbe Quemadero,

Digitized by

Google

368 HUMAN SACRinCB& [Ci. nu.

With regard to Pern, GarciifaMo, VoL I
p. 385, rdatea— "^ That the chief priest was
always a peraon of the royal blood; and that
the sacrificea were r^^nlated accordhig to the
ceremonies observed at Cuzco; and not like
the superstitions which were practised in some
of the provinces, but were forbidden by the Lti-
cas. Sudi was the abominaUe custom exist-
ing b^re the arrival of the Incas, of sacrifidoig
men, women, and children; and of eating hu-
man flesh*/~ Vega, Vol. i. p. 61.

Sign$ qf Time.

^ Thb Mexican nations believe that the sun
has been extinguished four times. The day

an mcloBure between four waDs, filled with ovens, into
which are thrown over the walki the Jews and other
linh^^yTictamBoftheinquiritiQn; who are condemned
to be burnt aliye by judges pn^essing a religion whose
first precept is chiurity.'^— f^o^e to CaH/amia hg
Manrieur Chappe D*Juieroche, to observe the TratuU
o/Fefm8jp.4f5.

* Marco Polo, (p. 551) relates that human flesh was
eaten at Kon-cha, in China; in Japan, {p. 578); in
Sumatra, {p. 601, 006, 610).

Digitized by

Google

,Clu VIII.] SIGNS OF THE MEXICAN PERIOD- S69

on which the last sun appeared^ liore'the sign
tochtli, (rabbit), which they reckbn to have
been A,D. 702. This fable is of Toltec ori-
gill, and is common to the group named Chi-
chimecks, Acolhuans^ Nahuatlacks^ Tlascaltecs,
and Aztecs^ and who, speaking the same Ian*
gndge,* hare been flowing iroifi the north to the
south since the middle' of the sixth century of

the Christian era*. Humboldt, Vol. ii. p. 17,

mdiVol\.p.2Qd.

\ The twenty days of the Mexican period were
each distinguished by thes6 signs : — " A house,
i lizard, a serpent, a death's head, a buck, a
rubbit, water, a dog, an ape, grass, a cane, a
jaguar, an eagle, king of the vultures, annual
course of the sun, a flint, rain, a flower, a nar-
whalf.aml wind. ^ The Mexicans considered those

* In Grosiefs History of China, ii. 302, there is an
engraving of a rabbit in the Moon, and' which was em-
tHKudered on dresses of ceremony. As th^ Sun and
Moon are both gods of the Mongols, it is not at all pro-
bable ; thM the rabbit being thus distinguished in
jimitica, is the efiect of chance;

BB .

Digitized by

Google

S70 MONGOL CALENDAR. [CA. FW.

daJB luckjr, whidi had the sign of the f ear^.''*—
Hmiboldt,rol.\.p. 312.

Number Nine.

^ Thb Mexicans formed a series of mie
signs, called lords or masters of the nigSit—
We may be astonished at finding a series of

* The twelve years of the Mogul Calendar axe
named thua: — ^The mouse, ox, leopard^ hare, crocodile,
serpent i horse, sheep, monkey ^ hen, dog^ hog. The
priestB form their predictioDs according to the natnre
and qualities of these animals. — {Petis de la Creix,
p. If S09.) The five in italics may be allowed to cor-
respond: so perhaps may the lizard and crocodile.
The narwhal is pecuHorly wdl known to the Kogols
in Siberia and China. — {Wars a$ul Sports, Ch. xvi.)
The mouse, ox, horse, sheep, and hog, were not found
in America. — {Ene. Brit, America^Sd Ed. p. 667.)
Nor was the hen known there. ** When the Indians
first heard the crowing of the Spanish cocks, they were
feoUsh enough to imagine that diey pronomioed &e
name of Atahualpa, to shew the iMHrror they had of
d»t ^rrant. \¥henevcr die cocks crowed, Ate chiUk
rcn mecfced them, whieh, when young, i have often
myself done, by crowing aloud, Ata4iu«^pal It it fay
no means true, that these birds were natives of Ifae

Digitized by

Google

Ck. nil.'] NUMBER NINE. 371

mne terms in a calendar that makes nte ottlj
of tbe nambers 5, 13, 18, 20, and 52. We majjr
be tempted to look for some analogy between
tbe above and tbe nine astrological signs oi se-
veral nations of Asia.* Humboldt, Firf. i

p. 314.

The nnmbet nme h very intimately connect-
ed with Mongol sopwstitioiffi^ and was very
likely to be applied to events relating to the
nigit.

"^ When Genghis was elected Grand Khm,

dl the pec^le bowed nme times presents

nmst be dSTered by nine^ when they are de^

livered> nine bows are made. The UidMeTair^
tars caSI this the Zagataian Andience. If a
Mongol steal any thing, he must restore it

country, as has been asserted by some Spanish writ*
et^^—r^ga, VoL n.p. 485.

Thus both lists refer to die measure of time> and
each is connected with augury. The Mexicans could
not continue the references to animals unknown in the
new world, but appear to have adaf ted tk^priimpk
to their new country and almanack. The agreement^
as far as it goes^ is not at all likely* to be the effect of
chance.

BB2

Digitized by

Google

872 HIEROGLYPHICS. lCh.VIIL

nr^f^fold; and nine times nine, if a matter of
importance; At an Audience, ambassadors
must bow nine times to a Chinese Tartarkta
emperor.'* — StraJdenher^s Siberia, p. 86. See
also Gh. IV, in this volume.

'' In the Asiatic system of astrology, vnHh
which that of Mexico appears to have a com-
mon origin, the twelve signs of the Zodiac pre-
side not only over the months, but also over
the years, the days, the hours, and even over
tibe smallest parts of the hours." — Hmmboldt,
Vol. i.p. 354. The reader who wi^es fwr fur-
ther conviction on this subject, is referred to
the invaluable Researches of this enlightened
and learned author. Vol. i. pp. 276-^4f09. .

Hieroglyphic Paintings.

** The records of the Mexicans are a species
of picture writing, so fitr improved as to mark
their superiority over the savage tribes of Ame-
rica^ ammig whom, when a leader returns from
the field, he strips a tree of its bark, and
scratches upon it some uncouth figures, which

Digitized by

Google

Ck. rilL'] PAINTINGS IN PURCHAS. 37*

represent the order of; Ms march, the number
of his foHowers, the scalps, todcaprtiyes he has
taken, &c. . The most valuablQ of the Mexican
records are to be seen in Puccbas, in sixty-six
plates, divided into three parts*. The first
contains the history of the Mexican empire

♦ These celebrated hieroglyphics were sent to the
Emperor Charles V., and the vessel was captidred by a
French ship of war; when they fell into the hands of
Andrew Thevet, the king's geographer. At his deaths
they were purchased by Ridhard Hakluyt^ then chap-
lain to Sir £* Stafford, the English ambassador at Paris>
for twenty French crowns. They were translated, in
Sir Walter Raleigh's name, by Michael Locke; but no
one was willing to incur the expense of engraving
them. At the death of Hakluyt,. they, with his piqpera,
were bequeathed to Purchas ; who ^' obtained with much
earnestness the cutting thereof for the press, being a
thing desired by Sir Henry Spelman; who, in regard
of his vnse.8peU in divine and human learning, is ready
to exhibit himself in deed, whatever any man. can spell
out oi Spel-mm.''— Purchas, Vol. iii. p. 1066- Shak-
speare and Milton, contemporaries with Purchas,
might have gravely admired this notable pun ; but as
Clavigero says, regarding the monk's conjecture, /' th^t
the quadrupeds were conveyed from the old to Ihe new
world by angels/' it won't do in these days.

Digitized by

Google

374 SIAMESE MANUSOUPTO. [Cft. FUl.

under its ten monait^; the second is a tri-
bute rdl; the third is a code of their institor
ticms. lyings, not wards, are r^resented,
and they do not exhibit ideas to die under-
standing. The figures of men, quadntpeds>
tec. are extremely rude and awkward*.

'^ Whatever was the substance employed for
the manuscripts^ they were almost always fold-
ed in aigng, and before the painting was un-
folded, it had the most complete resemblance
with our bound books. Whether they are of
skin or paper of Maguey, they open in a inanner
perfectly similar to the Stamen manuscripts,
preserved in the public library at Paris, which
are idso folded in zigzagf. This mode (^hie-
roglyphic painting has been practised in the
vale of Anahuac since the seventh c^itury. —
We are ignorant whether this system was in-
vented in the new ccmtinent, or whether it was
pwifig to the onigratioo of some Tartar tribe

* Robafteon, B. m.

t Siam bdonged to KnUai, and th^re were, very
probably, Siaoiese with die Invadeia of Japan.

Digitized by

Google

VJiFJir.] OBSTRUCTION OF RECORDS. 376

ncquiiftted wkb the exact doratioil of the
yeajf*.

// e09mQt be denied that the Memcans he-
Img to a race qf men, who, Uke Tartar and
Mimgol hordes, are fc^ ^ imitating tJ^ fimn
M^ oigects. Every thing is executed in the
most incorrect proporticHifi^ wh^h denotes the
iafltncy of the art; but we m9st not forget,
that people who egress their ideas by paint-
log, and who are compelled, by their state of
society^ to make frequent use of mixed hie-
rogiyphical writing, attach as little import-
ance t0 corroct pjiinting^ as the literati of
JBuiope to a 6ne hand-writing in their manu-
acriptsf."

^ The first bishop of Mexico issued an edict
to commit all records of the ancient history to
ihe flames. The suiK^essws of the first monks

♦ The Toltecs introdoced, in Ac serrenth century,
the exact Chinese mode of estimatiiig the length dPihe
year, and these hieroglyphics were also then first used.
These are strong confirmations of the Toltecs having
come from the river Tula, in Mongolia.— &» Ch. VII.

t Homboldt, Vol. L p. 163 to 168.

Digitized by

Google

376 DOUBTS REGARDING ORIGINALS. [CA, VHI.

lamented this fanatical zeal^ as nothing reaiain*
ed of the history of the empire, but tradttiot^
and «ome fragments of their painUngs, which
had escaped the barbarous researches of Zom-
marega.**— JBoJtfrt^ow, Fo/. ii.jp;27I.

Clayigero a^serts^ that many more than Ro*
bertson allows, escaped dejstruction; that the
paintings were yery numerous, and if they had
remained, the history would be perfect . The
chief school was at Tescuco: — *' There, in the
square of the market, a mass like a little moun^
tain was reduced to ashes, to the inexpressible
affliction of the Indians. From this time for-
ward the Indians, who possessed any, were so
jealous, that it was impossible for the Span-
iards to make them part with one of them.* —
Clcmgero^ Vol. i. p\ 407.

'' Boturini, in a work published at Madrid,
in 1746, founded on manuscripts of Indian au-
thors lately discovered, says — ^ The eclipse^ of
the sun, at the death of our Saviour, was mark-
ed in the Toltec paintings 7. Tochtli, and that
some learned Spaniards, well acquainted with
their paintings, having compared their chro-

Digitized by

Google

CA.F///.] CREDULITY OF THE SPANIARDS. 377

nology with oar^s, foimd, that they, reckdned
from the creation to the birth of Christ fire
thousand one hundred and ninety^nine years^
which is exactly the computaticm of the Ro^
man calendar/ I leave the prudent reader to
form his own judgment; but it is certaib, that
the Toltecs had a distinct knowledge of the
Deluge, Babel, ftc." "^--^Ckmgero.Vol. i. jp. 87.

Venerationfor the Owl.
^ Before this statue, (the sacrificial sUme),

* The Mongols claim descait from Japhet«-^^6trf-
Qhcud, FoU i. p. 5. With respect to the paintings, the
Indians are said to have executed others,.to repair the
loss of those which were burnt.— {CUwigero^ p.-xxn.)
The one regarding the eclipse was, no doubt, a trick;
to please or deceive the Spaniards. It is not, however;
improbable, that some of the paintings that were .hid-
den, may, by accidents, be possessed by Europeans.
There is no question whatever of those in Purchas
heing genuine; but as those composed from .memory,
must be three centuries old, how is it possible to as-
certain their correctness, or to distinguish them from
real originak? So imperfect are the annals of Mexico,
that the history of Tizoc, who died in 148^, is obscure^
—See Clamgeroy Vol i. 197.

Digitized by

Google

878 YENBRATBOH FOR THE OWL. [Ci. VIII.

h placed two of the original incense boroen
sculptured in stone on pedestals: one repre-
sents a recumbent human figure, supporting
the apparatus for fire; the other, an Owl {f

very fine wcrkmmsMp'^r Mr. BidlocVs de-

seriptUm qftke Easkibitum, p. 33.

* The owl was venerated by the Mongols, for the
following reason : ^' Genghis Khan rode out with a
few men to take a view of the country which he had
subduedi when he was suddenly surrounded by tiie
enemy I and his horse was slain: hb people thinking
the Khan was killed, fled and were pursued ; the ene-
my knew not that the emperor was of die party : and
when they returned from the pursuit, they sought for
straggtersi and slew some in die thick wood. When
diey came to the spot where the emperor was, diey
•aw an owl, which had perched on a tree near where
Genghis stood; on which one of the soldiers said aloud,
'' there can be no one there, for there is a bird sitting
in the tree;** and they went their way. Thus did the
emperor escape death. At night he jwied his pec^fe,
who thanked immortal Gk>d, and the bird, by whom
their lord had been saved* For this reason, diey tpor-
$hip the owl, and wear Us feaihers on their head with
reverence, deeming themselves Uessed, and safe from
an perils.— ilfatiiidA^, p. ifiii. Strahknberg, p. 4S4.
The Mexicans, says Clavigero, had sculptors among
them, when they left their naitioe land of Azdan. —
Vol. i. p. 412. There were ici(//itor«atCaracorum. —

Digitized by

Google

Ck.nil.;\ MIUTABYATTIBE. 310

A Mesieim Warrior.

** Thb figure of the warrior^ in the relief of
Oaxica, presents ao extraordinary mixture of

eoatumes* The omamentg of his head'^dress,

whidihastJieshapeof ahehnet*; those of the
irtandard^ (^gtmrn), which he holds in the left
hand^ and on which we see a bird, as on the
standard of Ocoteloico; are found mi all the
A2tec paintingsf • The Test, with long nar-
row sleeves, resembles the garment which the

See Wlars and SparU, Ch. y. It ia not kqMrobable,
Aat they brought the owl with them. The owl wtddi
faved Gottghift Khan's }a6^ has, probaUy, been the
jcauBe of the Ineas* and Emperors' of Hindooatan wear-
ing the fbathers on their beads* The priests of the
Son also wear them, as represented in Vega's history*
These priests were always of the royal Uood*

* It is natural to suppose, that whatever customs
obtained in the original country and nation of the Az-
tecs, they might be smaewhat modified by those of a
new coonfoy and duMle. The Mongols wore trofi
hefanets.— Pelif de la Croix, p. 263, Sherefeddin, Vol.
\.p. 403.

t The bird cannot be known without seeing the pic-
ture.— See Remarke fm the Owl.

Digitized by

Google

380 NETS TO CATCH BiEN. [CL FIJI.

Mexicans name IchcahuepiOi; bnt the net
which covers the shoulderSy is ah ornament no
longer to be met with among the Indians*. —
Below the girdle is the spotted skin of a jaguar
with its tailf . The Mexican warriors, in or-
der to appear more terrible, wore woodoi hel>-
mets, in the form of a tiger's head, with Uie
teeth in the jaws. Two skulls of enemi^ are
tied to the girdle J/ —Humboldt, Vol u. p. 132.

* ThiB net was to* catch men. — {Humboldt, Vol. i.
203.) It is an ancient mode, adopted by Tartars to
catck their enemies. They were used in Tamerlane's
army. — Sherefeddin, Vol. i. 404.

t Skins of tigers (there are no tigers in America) are
much uaed by the Mongols. When Tamerlane invad-
ed Russia, his horses were cor.ered with such skins.
—Shmfeddin, FoL i. 356. They send from Samar-
cand to Pegu, to purchase skins of tigers. — Vincent Le
Blanc, p. 159. It is very usual in history to call leo-
pards and panthers by the name of tigers, particidarly
in Africa, where the tiger is not known.

i Many barbarous nations have worn the skulls of
beasts in war£Eure. The preserving of the skulls of
enemies, as trophies, is a notorious Mogul custom.

Digitized by

Google

Ck.FIIL] CEREMONIES AT FUNERALS. 3ftl

Funerals.

' '* When a king of Mexico died, a lock of
his hair was cut off as a relick, (for therein lay
the rememhrance of his soul)/ an emerald was
put into his mouth, and his body was wrapped
in seventeen costly and curiously wrought
mantles. Upon the outer mantle was the de«
vice or arms of that idol to which he was most
devoted, and in whose temple the body was to
be buried. Upon the kmg^s fiEice was a vizor,
painted with devilish gestures, and beset with
jewels ; then they killed the slave whose office
it was to light the lamps, and make fire to the
gods of his palace. They then carry the! body
to the'temple, with targets, arrows, maces and
^signs to throw into the funeral fire. The
high priest, some of whom are called Papas,
and dress in black, and his crew, receive him
with a sorrowful song, ai^d drums and flutes;
and the body is cast into the fire, together with
jewels, and a dog newly strangled, as a guide.
Then about two hundred persons are sacrificed

Digitized by

Google

382 DRBADFUL CUSTOM. [CL VIIL

by the priests, to serve hinL The fourth day
fifteen slaves, upon the twentieth day five, and
on the sixtieth three are sacrificed for his soul.
The ashes and the lock of hair, with another
which had been saved from the time of his
Urth, were put into a chest painted on the m-
side wii^ devilish shapes ; on which chest was
the image of the king. The king of Mechua
can observed the Uke bloody rites ; many gen-
tlewomen were appointed to offices in the ser«»
vice of the deceased, and, while his body was
burning, were killed with clubs> and buried four
and four in a grave: slaves and Aree maideni
were killed to attend the gentlewomen*.''—

* At Sschion, in Tanguti (where there are Tnreo«
mans, Nestorian ChristianSi and Mahomedam), nrfiidi
belongs to the Grand Khan^ on the decease of a per^
wofti of rank, whose bodyis to be burnt, the astrologers
ascertain the year, day, and hour of his birth, and fix
the time for the fiineral at the period of the same plan-
et being in the ascendant, even should they wait for
dx months, in which case the body is preserved wiA
gums, in a painted coffin. They provide a number of
pieces of paper made of the bark of a tree, upon which
are painted figures of men> women, horses, camels,
money, and dresses, all of which are burnt with the

Digitized by

Google

CJL nil.} FUNERALS IN ASSAM AND CHINA.

AeMtamul Gamara im Punkas, V0I.Y. p.W8.
'^ In one tomb^ which wu in the tower of a

corpae for his use in the next world. During the ce-
remony, provisions are supplied, and all the mnsicai
instruments are sounded. Father G^erbiDon says, it is
the custom of the Tartars to bum the bodies of per-
sons of high rank, and to preserve the hemes and ash*
es: but many of them do not bum the bodies, except
the persons have died out of China, or in warfar^; the
Chinese themselves sometimes do the same. The prince,
says a missiemary, has ibrbidden the foolisk custom
which the Tartars have, of burning valuables, and,
sometimes, even their domestics with the bodies of
thear lords. — See Marco Polo, B. L Ch. xipcvi. and
noUiSSS&ydSSt. The priests m Thibet wear hlach*
Purehas, FoL v. 413. The funeral ceremonies at
Kinsay are very similar to those at Sachion, the sub-
stituting of drawings upon paper for the real persons,
being A refisrm, probaUy introdueed by Chinese au«
thority. The reader is referred to Ch. VI. '* Tangut,**
where he will find all these customs practised, either in
Assam, or other parts of that region. The dog, it will
there be seen, was the fistvoorite food of die Assameas.
The astrology, and the whole ONnparisoB, appears con*
elusive of a conmcm origin. Were Monteauma's race,
Aztec Mongols firom Assam? It is £ar firom improbable*
The elejrfiants found in the Mexicaa tomb would ap«
ply to aH Mongols and Tartars, but peeoHarly to the
grandees of Assam; which kinfgdom was, in the thir-
teenth century, a part of Kublai*s empire. We are

Digitized by

Google

384. JBVE. DELUGE. BABEL. [Ch.VIIL

.tem;^, . the SpAniards found two hundr^ and
forty ounces of gold, and the Anonymous Con-
queror was present at theMigging of another,
in which there was double that weight, says
Cortez.** — See CUmgero, B. vi.

Cosmogony.

'' The cosmogony of the Mexicans, their
tradition of the mother of mankind, fallen from
her first state of innocence; the idea of a great
inundation, in which a single family escaped
on a raft; the history of a pyramidal edifice
raised by the pride of men, and destroyed by
the anger of the gods ; the ceremonies of ablu-
tion practised at the birth of children, &c. all
these circumstances led the Spanish priests.

stffl very imperfecdy infenned r^arding the geogra-
phy and history of Asiam.

• The bigoted Mahomedan, in the reignof Aurung-
zebe, from whose description that country is chiefly
knbwn, is a bad and uncertain guide. It may be pre-
sumed, that the intercoinse of the British with Assam,
dimng the Burmese war» will throw some light on this
subject.

Digitized by

Google

Ch. VIII.^ VAPOUR BATHS. 385

who were with the aimy at the conquest^ to
the belief that, at some very distant epoch,
Christianity had been preached on the new con-
tinent. It is no way doubtful that Nestorian-
ism was known in the north-east of Asia.*" —
Humboldt, Vol.lp. 196.

The Peruvians were acquainted with the
same allusions to the deluge and Noah. — See
Vega, Book i. Ch. xviii.*

Vapour Baths.

The Mexicans had vapour baths: they were
built of raw bricks, and were like ovens, about
six feet high, and eight in diameter* The

* The Mongols were familiar with the bible history.
They claim descent from Japhet.. '^Nui dispersed
hi» Aree sons. Ham to the Indies, Sam to inhabit
Iran, and the youngest Japiis into the country of Kutr
tup Shamach. After he had quitted the mountain
where the ark rested, he went to settle about the rivers
Atell (Volga), and Jaigick (Yaik). He left eight sons,
Turk> Russ, Japhis, &c." The descent from Japhis
to Mungal Khan, b traced at length.— ^u/ Ohazi
Bahader, Part i. Ch. i. ii. iiL See Befnarks on JkUm^
go's Cross, p. 227.

CC

Digitized by

Google

386 SILK PAPER. [CiL FJli.

Stones are made quite hat^ upon wUdi water
is throws, and the patient is beaten with a
bunch of herbs on the ailing part, and fiills in^
to 41 copious sweat*. — Clav. Vol. up. 430.

SUk Riper.

'' Silk was sold in the market of Mexico. —
Cortex* s Letter to Charles V. Pictures are stiD
preserved, done by the ancient Mexicans upon
paper made of silkf .'' — Clao. Vol. i. p. 71-

* This is an exact description of the Russian baths,
and which are in use in many parts inhabited by Tar^
tars and Mongols.

t The silk paper, made at Samarcand, is the finest
in the world. — Petis de la Croix, p. S28. China also
has such paper: nor is it improbably that as some of
the M<mgob were on shore at Japan, they might hare
procured such paper there. This single object is a
proof of Asiatic origin, whether the paper was brought
from Asia, or made in Mexico; the first b the most
probable. ''In the temples of the Calmucs were
found manuscripts in the Tangut, Mongol, and Cal-
muc characters, upon thick paper, made of cotton or
silk,"— 5/roAfeni«y, p. 325.

Digitized by

Google

Ch.riTT.li COPPER TOOLS. 387

The Mexicans^ among thdt austerities, bcnred
their tongues with pieces of canef • — Clavigero,
V0lA.p.446.

^ The Pernyians made their arms^ knives,
carpenters' tools, large pins, hammers for their
forges, and mattocks, of copper ; for which rea- .
son they seek it in preference to gold. — Vega,
Booky. Ch.xv.

The rude tribes in America made their
hatchets of stone, or flint; their agricultural
implements were of wood. But the Mexicans
«nd Peruvians were acquainted widi the me-
thod of applying copper to the purposes for
which iron is used in other countries;^.

t This is a custom with the lowest casts in Hindos-
tan, where the writer has seen them use a thin iron rod.

jt It is difficult to imagine that the Incas, on their
first appearance, had not some arms, spears, &c. of
iron: but a few years would consume such precious trea-
sure, and the recollection of it be lost. In Kamt-
chatka, at the period of the Russian conquest of that
country, early in the eighteenth century, the use of

CC2

Digitized by

Google

388 NUMEROUS TEMPLES, [CA. VIIL

Cdrtez wriDte to ChariesV. that, frrai the
top of one temple in Cholida, he had counted
more than four hundred towers, of othira/ —
Some were nothing else than small terraces of
trifling height, upon which was a little chapel
for the tutelar idol*. — Ckwigero,Vol. i. p. 267,
rol.u.p.387.

iron was no more known than amcMg the M ezicaBs,
when discovered by the Spaniards." — Bell of ArUeT'
monjffp. 178. The Japanese use copper and brass
tooUs^ dthoiigh they have ironj and ' use tools made of
that metal also: we ipay therefore conclude that they
have, some mode of hardening copper. Household
goods, cramp-irons in ship-building, and many instni-
mehts which in other couritries are of iron, are made
in Japan of C(q>per or brass. — Kampfer^p. 109.

* There is scarcely a Mongol prince, but who has
a pagod, although there is not a house in his territory.
— Z)iiflaifc,ii.267.

Digitized by

Google

380

CHAP! ER IX.

Description of the Fossil Mastodon.

Of this fossil there are five species^ which
may be considered as formii^ a distinct and
hitherto unknown genus:

L The great Mastodon of the Ohio.

2. The Mastodon with narrow grinders, re-

mains of which have been dug up at Se-
morre, and many other places in Europe,
and also in America.

3. The little Mastodon, with small grinders. —

This species is much less than the pre-
ceding, and was found in Saxony.

4. Mastodon of the Cordilleras. This species

was discovered by Humboldt, in South
America* Its grinders are square, and
it appears to have- been equalin size to
the great one.

Digitized by

Google

390 MASTODON. [Ck. IX.

5. Humboldtean Mastodon, litis, which is tbe
smallest species, was found in America by
Humboldt.

The great Mastodon bears a considerable
degree of resemblance to the elephant, in its
tusks and general osteology, the form cf the
grinders exerted. Cuvier concludes, that it
could not have fed itself without the aid of a
trunk. .

Dimensions of the skeleton of the great Mas-
todon found by Mr. Peale, and placed in
the museum of natural history in Philadel-
phia.

Height over the shoulders II 0

Ditto over the hips 9 0

Length from the chin to the rump. . . 15 0
From the point of the tusks to the end
of the tail, following the direction of

thecurve 81 0

In a straight line , . . . . 17 6

Digitized by

Google

Ck: IX.} MASTODOR $9 1

Width of the hips and body. • • • . . 5 8

Lragth of the largest vertebra. .... 2 3

of the longest rib . 4 7

ofthetusks 10 7'

Gircum&rence of one tooth 1 0^

Weigfatof ihe whole skeleton. lOQOIbs.

TbB form of the crown of the mokures or
grinders is nearly rectangular. The sub-
stance of the teeth is of two kinds only; the
inner, or osseous part; and the outer, or ena-
mel; which is very thick, and has no kind of
cement or cortical. This very important dif-
ference brings this animal nearer to the hippo^
potamus and the pig, than to the purely herba-
ceous animals, like the elephant. The crown
(tf the grinders is divided by de6p open fur*
rows, into a certain number of transver&ial
ric^^; and these ridges are again divided in*
to two large irr^pilar pyramidal obtuse points,
a little rounded. The crown, therefore, is
studded with these pyramidal points, disposed

Digitized by

Google

S92 MASTODON. [C*. IX.

in pairs; it is, however, very different fiom
the teeth of the. carnivorous animals, which
have only one principal longitudinal furrow,
divided into lesser indentations, like a saw. —
Irhe teeth of the elephant, have, on the crowi^
several little transverse walls, divided into a
number of small tubercles, and these grow'flat
early; whereas the tubercles or cones, on the
tooth of the mastodon, being much larger,
the crown remains long mammillated. It was
this circumstance, of the grinders being stud-
ded with points, that gave rise to the opinion
of the mastodon being carnivorous.

The number of grinders, according to Cuvier,
are six on each side, three above and three be-
low.

The structure of the jaws indicates that the
mastodop hcid tusks, like the elephant or morse.
The number of tusks which occur with the
teeth further confirms this opinion.

A skull was found by Mr. Peale, which
proves this fact, being furnished with alveoles.
The curvature of the different tusks varies as

Digitized by

Google

Ck.IX.^ MASTODON. 3M

much 88 m those of the elephant ; but M. Cuvier
thinks^ there is no ground for believing with Mr.
Peale, that the tusks turned downwards.

The head of the mastodon being of vast size
a&d. rendered exceedin^y heavy by the teeth
and tusks^ which carried the centre of gravity
far from the point of support, the neck waa
therefore necessarily short, like that of the ele-
phant; so that without a truid: it coutd not
iM^ve reached the ground with its mouth; Its
tusks would ateo have deprived it of the power
of eating on the ground; it is therefore certain,
that it must have had a trunk like that of an
elephant. .

Wherever the remains of the mastodon have
bieen found, it is at no great depth under the
soil, and yet they are but little decomposed:
tkose/mmdin North America aremore/resh and
better preserved than' any' other knoum foseU
}xmee.''-^JReeis Cyc. Addenda, '' Mastodon.''

Note — ^These bones the writer attributes to
the tiiirteenth century : those in England, Italy,
Spain, &c. are historically derived from the
third century before, to about the fifth after

Digitized by

Google

384 ERRONEOUS OPINIONS. [CA. IX.

CSirist: £hia makes the' American hooeB ei^t
centuries, at the l^»t, more recent, and their
condition corresponds with these dates. Rc-
q^ecting the circamstance of some of the
bones being (as has been asserted) much
larger than those of the elephant; these re*
marks were made before an accurate compari-
son was ascertained. The measurement of the
one given in this chapter by no means exceeds
the size of numerous elephants reported in
history. Such is the love of the marvellois,
that when these bones were first discovered,
Buffon says, ** The manmaut, whose enormous
bones we have frequently considered, and con-
ceived to be six times lai^er than the biggest
elephant, exists no more."* According to Mul*
ler, it should be one hundred and thirty-three
feet in length, and one hundred and five ia
height. — Clavigero, Vol. ii. p. 286. John Hunt-
er pronounced it camivoraus. If such very
high authorities, only a few years ago^ have
fiillen into such palpable errors and absurdities,
we must conclude that science, regarding such
objects, is yet in its infancy: but it is at pre-

Digitized by

Google

Ch. /X.] CONFUSION IN HISTORY. 395

sent making rapid strides towards accuracy.
^ The great doctor of the Augustin Church
was of opinion that the wild beasts might have
been transported from the old world by angels;
but this, though it cuts off every diflSculty^
would not be acceptable in the eighteenth cen^
tury/' — Ckmgero, Vol.u.p.215. A couple of
M uller^s mammauts, conveyed across the ocean^
one u^der each arm, in the manner described
by the great doctor, would have aGforded a sin-
gularly interesting sight!

Under the word mammoth, which it has
been proved, in another work*, is the Siberian
name of the walrus, have been described,
(whenever hu^e bones have been found in
England, Siberia, Spain, France, Italy, &c.)
elephants, mastodontes, walruses, whales, nar-
wals, and buffidoes. Such is the confusion in
Strahleidierg, Messerschmidt, Isbrands Ides^
Bell of Antermony, and Pallas.

• Wars and Sports, Ch. Vt

Digitized by

Google

396

CHAPTER X.

fVild Elephants at ChooOj in New Grmuida.

.^— -Hemam^ of Mastodonte$ and Ele-^
, phants found in America. Entrench^

tnents. Inscriptions. Antiquities

found in Tombs j resembling Mongol and

Chinese.

Wild Elephants im America.

JLt is now certam that w9d elephants are in
existence in New Gntnada*

^ Commepced pi^arations for my depart-
ure from Choco. In the evening made an ex-
purdon with Sea'* Zereso^ Don LfOuis, and otirers
to a smaU hill commanding the town ; when, the
evening being tolerable^ we had a fine view of a
ridge of mountains which divides this valley
from the Pacific Ocean : their summits are en-
tirely covered with snow. The smoke of a

Digitized by

Google

Ck.X.] WILD ELEPHANTS. 397

volcano is to be seen, which is situated on the
other side of the summit of the mountains. —
From a small chain of hills, near to this range
of mountains, with a good glass, have been
seen numbers of the carmMraus elephantsjeed-
Mg an the plains which skirt those frozen re-
g^ns. Their enormous teeth have occasion-
ally been seen: but no one has yet succeeded
in getting near to them. There are great
quantities of wild cattle in these plains, to kill
which the Indians sometimes make excursions.
This chain of mountains runs north-east and

south-west.'' Captain C.S. Cocknm^sJour'

nal ik Colambia, Vol. ii. p. 390.

'^ The bones of the mammoth which have
been found in America, are as large as those
which have been found in the old wodd. It
may be asked why I insert the mammoth, as if
they still existed?- - I ask, in return, why I
should omit it, as if it did not exist? 7%^ tra-
ditianary testimony ^ the Indians is, that this
animal still exists in the northern and western
parts of America. He may as well exist in

Digitized

by Google

308 WILD ELEPHANTS. [CA.Jr.

tiiose uliexploted parts now, as he did former*
ly where we find his bones,**— 3fr. J^erwtia
Not€$ on the suae cf V%rgima,p. 78.

Note^ Choco is tiie place whwe we may

suppose that some Mimgols landed. There is
an inscription, such as those people mark the
TwkB with in Asia, not £Eur from this quarter —
{Seep.2U.) lliere are bones of dephants
and mastodontes found in this country. Whe-
ther tibe fossil teeth of the mastodontes be de-
rived from the elephants first landed, or from
those mentioned by Captain Cochrane, it
amounts to a proof, that that kind of elephant
is not extinct. These wild elephants not be-
mg known to Baron Humboldt, is a notable
proof of the extraordinary ignorance in whic^
tiie wtMJd still remains regarding what Ameri-
ca may contam.

Digitized by

Google

CkXJ] FOSSIL REMAINS. 390

Fossil Bones of Elephants and Mastodontes
Jimnd in America. — See Map, Nos. 1, 2.

At Gape St Helen's, where the giantslaiicM,
bones, skulls, and grinders have been found. —
Seep. 54 qfthis Vol. At Puerto Yiejo, and
in the haven of Truxillo, bones, and jaws with
teeth three and four fingers long^^Antome
Gdhnmo'e Discoveries, Hakluyt, Vol. iv. p. 46.
HMmboldt, Vol.\i.p.2l.

See Map, No. 3.

At Yillaftde Ibarra, province of Quito, the
point of an ivory tusk, calcined, was found at
the height of one hundred and sevaiteen tenses.
** Ce tron9on etant moins comprime gue ne le
sont d'ordinaure les defenses du mastodonte,
pourroit fEure croire que les vrais elephans k
dents molaires compos^es de lames, ont aussi
Jaisse de leurs depouilles an midi de Fisthme
de Panama; mais j'avoue que .pour ne rien
laisser k desirer sur un fait aussi important k
constater, et dont ce seroit 1^ la premiere pre-

Digitized by

Google

400 FOS§IL REMAINS. [Ch.!.

VLve, il seroit k desirer que ce fragment de de-
fense eut ete accompagne de quelque partie
de molaire. — Cuvier, p. 158. The figure 3
upon the map is placed too high nortiL

See Map, No. 4.

Bones of mastodontes and of fossil elephants
belonging to a species that has disappeared
from the surface of the globe^ abtnmd in the
kingdom of New Granada, and on the ridge of
the Mexican Cordilleras. — Owner Mem. de Fin-
sHt. Close qf Physical and Matkem. Sciences,
year YII. p. 14. The plain also which is two
thousand seven hundred metres in height, and
extends from Suaca to Santa Fe de Bogota^
bears the name of the Field of the Giants.—
Humboldt, Vol. ii. p. 21.

Note.—Th^ origin of the bones found at
Nos. I, % Z, 4, may be attributed to the tradi-
tions and history given in Ch. II. to whicft
the reader is referred.

Digitized by

Google

Ch. -Y.] BONES OF ELEPHANTS. 10 1

See Map, No. 6.

At Hue-huetoca near Mexico, some laminse
of a large grinder were found: they are en-
tirely like those of the fossil elephant of Sibe-
ria.— Ctmer^

I was told, that giants' bones were disco-
yered in an ancient tomb in the city of Mexi-
co; and also in another place in the same
kingdom, by which we may infer that giants
haTe really existed, ai^d that what authors
have written about them is not fabulous. —
OarcHlasso de la Vega, Vol. ii. p. 394.

'' When I was at Mexico in 1586, we found
a great giant buried in the form called Jesus
da Mont, whose tooth was as big as the fist of
a man, and all the rest in prc^rtion; I saw
it and wondered at his deformed gr^tness/' —
Acosta in Parchas, iii. 1002. Vol. v. p. 864. Gi-
gantic skeletons have been found at Tescuco,

OD

Digitized by

Google

402 BONES OF ELEPHANTS. [«. X.

Toluca, and Quauhximalpan^ (all in Anahuac).
— CUwigero, Vol. i. p. 84.

See Map, No. 6.

It is probable that the Olmecks or Hul*
mecks^ and the Xikalanc3 boasted, that thehr
ancestors had combated and destroyed the
giants or qmnametm, on the fertile plain of
Tlaacala, beeanse we find on this iqpot ttolar
teeth of mastodontes and elej^ants, which in
erery country the people take for teeth of men
of colossal stature."" — HumbMt, Vol. ii. pp*
21, 249.

Note.-^By this remark the traditi<ms are
supposed to have been invented from findii^
the bones. The reader is referred to p. 92 on
that subject. So new is the discussion of
these questions, that Clavigero insists on these
grinders having belonged to human giants;
and he is an author of extensive erudition. It
is from the accuracy of very modem naturalists,
that we shall be able at last to arrive at the
truth. Vega and Acosta also consider these

Digitized by

Google

Ck. X.-] BONES OP ELEPHANTS. 408

bones to be haman. As the Tlascallans ar-
riye4 in Anahuac after the year 1178^ and as
no author dates the foundation of Mexico ear-
lier than 1824, and as a skdeton of an ele-
phant was found in a tomb in Mexico; (Chvi-
geto. Vol. i. p. 84> says^ I know that some of
these giants' bones have been found in tamb^^
which iqppear evidently to have been made on
purpose); w^ may safely conelude that the tra-
ditions are founded on facts.

See Map, No. 7.

On the ridge of the MesLicMi Cordilleras^
bones of masiodontis and el^hants abound. —
Humboldt, Vol. iLp. 21.

Note. — ^The reader is referred to the account
of the battle between the Mexicans ami Tlas-
callans, p. 297, in which the action of living
elephants is described.

002

Digitized by

Google

404 BI6BONELICK. [Ck. X.

See Map, No. 8.

^* Thb skeletons found near the river called
the Great Osages, (N. Lat. 38^ W. Lon. 93r
30',) were nearly in a vertical position, as if
the animals had simply simk into the mud and
been buried there. According to a letter from
Mr. Smith Barton, professor at the University
of Pennsylvania, to M. Cuvier, '' An intelligent
traveller had seen near that river thousands of
these bones, and had collected seventeen tusks,
some of which were six feet in length and a
foot in diameter; but the greater part of
these bones were much decomposed.'' Mr.
Barton sent a grinder to M. Cuvier, so that no
doubt can be entertained that tiiese bones be*
longed to the mastodon.** — Rees*s Cyc. Adden-
da, "" Mastodon:*

See Map, No. 9.

'' At Bigbone-lick in Kentucky, (N. Lat
38"^ 46', W. Lon. 85*» 6'), many bones; three of
the elephant's grinders are in the museum at

Digitized by

Google

Ck. jr.] TRADITION. 406

Paris. According to Mr. Rembrandt Peisde
these grinders are not numerous, and are like
those of Siberia. They are ^' dans un grand
etat de decomposition^ non accompagnees des
autres os, si ce h'est peut-etre des defuses;
d'o{l cet estimable artiste conclut que la dcr
struction de Felephant en Amerique^ est de
beaucoup anterieure ^ celle du mastodante,
ou que les depouiUes du premier ont et^ ap-
portees d'ailleurs par quelque catastrophe.** —
Cmier. These were found on the bwders of
a salt marsh of black fetid mud, at about four
feet below the surface.— i2^^^ Cyc. Addenda^
'' Maatodmr

** The Ohio Indians have a tradition handed
down from their fathers respecting these mam-
moths— ^lliat in ancient times a herd of them
came to the Big-bone-licks, and began an vm-
versal destruction of the bears, deer, elks, buf-
faloes, and other animals which had been created
for the use of the Indians. That the Great
Man above was so enraged, that he descended
on the earth, and that the print of his feet are
still to be seen upon the rock, and hurled his

Digitized by

Google

406 MISSOURI. [e*^X

Ixdts among them till the whole were slaiiglh
tered except the big boll, who, when wounded,
sprang ronnd and bounded over the Olno^ the
Wabash, the niinois, and finally over the great
lakes, where he is living at this day.* — Mr.
J^erwiis notes on Virginia, p. 66.

Note^ — ^This tradition refers in all probabfli-
ty to a hunting circle ci Mongob, such as was
introduced in Mexico; and tiie state ci the
bones corresponds with the epodi of the Mexi*
can emjnre. The tradition probably has arises
from the remains of the animals, whidi had been
slaughtered in the chase, being found upcm the
spot

See Map, No. 10.

*^ A Mr. Stanley, taken prisoner by the In-
dians near the mouth of the Tanissee, relates,
that after being transferred tiirough several
tribes, from one to another, he was at 1^^
carried over the mountains west of the Mis-
souri, to a river which runs westwaidly; that
mammoths' bones abounded there; and that the
natives described to him the animal to which they

Digitized by

Google

Ck.X.} REPORT OF WILD ELEPHANTS. 407

belonged as stiU exMng in the northern parts
qf their country; from which descrip^OQ he
jud£^ it to be an elephant. Bones of the
same kind have lately been found some feet
bdow the surfieure of the earthy in salines open-
ed on the North Holston^ a branch of the Ta-
misaee, in north lat 36^% west Ion. 83^. Mr.
Hunter^ from 9n examinaticm of the form and
stmcture of the tusks^ has declared that they
fure essaitially different from those ^ the ele-
phant Another anatomist^ equally celebrat--
ed, D*Aubenton, on a like examination^ declares
Aat they are precisely the same. — Mr. J^er-
son's Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 57. En-
cffcl Brit. '' Mummothr

Note on Nos. 8, 9, and 10. — ^The reader is re-
ferred to the description of the supposed Mon-
goi settlemeJQit of Talomeco, page 258; and, to
strengthen the idea that these parts were exten-
sively inhabited by peQple of that nation, the
following proofs are offered : —

'' The vast mounds and walls of earth dis-
covered in the western country, have excited

Digitized by

Google

408 FORTinCATIONS. lCh.X.

tbe astonishment^ and baffled the researches, of
all who have seen or heard of them.

The works at Marietta are on an elevated
plain above the present bank of the Muskin-
gum, on the east side, half a mile from its junc-
ti<m with the Ohio. They consist of walls
and mounds of earth in direct lines, and in
square and circular forms. The largest square
/ort, by son^ called the town, contains forty
acres, encompassed by a wall of earth from six
to ten feet high, and from twenty-five to thirty-
six feet in breadth at the base. On each side
are three openings at equal distance^, resemr
bling gateways.

From the outlet next the river is a covert
way, formed of two parallel walls of earth, two
hundred and thirty-one feet distant from each
other. On the inside they are twenty-one feet in
height,andforty-twoin breadth at the base : bul^
on the outside, average only five feet high.-^
This passage is three hundred and sixty feet
long, and probably reached the river when it
was constructed.

Within the walls, at each comer, are elevated

Digitized by

Google

CA-X] MOUNDS. GRAVES. 400

squares a hundred and eighty-eight feet Icmg,
a hundred and thirty-two hroad, and nine high,
level on the summit, and nearly pei^endicular
at the sides. Circular mounds are seen thirty
feet in diameter, and five in height.

Towards the south-east is a smaller fort, con-
taining twenty acres, with a gateway in the cen-
tre of each side, and one at each comer. Thiase
openings are defiended vrith circular mounds.
At the outdde of the smaller fort is a mound
in form of a sugar loaf. Its base is a regular
circle, a hundred and fifteen feet in diameter^
and its perpendicular altitude is thirty feet. —
It is surrounded with a ditch four feet deep,
and fifteen wide, and defended by a parapet
four feet high, through which is an opening or
gateway, towards the fort, twenty feet wide.

The places called graves are small mounds
of earth, from some of which bones have been
taken, in their natural position, of a man buried
nearly east and west, with a quantity of isin-
glass, (mica membranacea), on his breast. In
others there were some bones, partly burnt.

Digitized by

Google

41t OOPFHIAKIfDinL [CLX

ehwneoil, iiiiw lnjrfi, art fiBngMaOs of > Mad
of ewtheBwiie.

nalM of O99ii0r hsve ben fiMBid in some of
tfie oiooiids^ Imt they appear to be parts of or-
mom. These works were covered with a |^o-
d^ioos growth of trees, one of whidi was fri-
ed, and was judged, finom the oonesntric chccies^
to befonr hondred and sixty-dnree years old.

Aboot ninaty nsQes ftrther 19 m tfe ooon*
try, on a plain bounded by a western branch of
the Mnddngnm, is a tnin of ancient worici
nearly tiro miles in extent, wifli ramparts eighti'
een feet high.

At Ticking are eit^uriTe wmhs, some dtf-
lerentlram those at Marietta, and several cir*
cnlar Inrts with but one entrance. Th^ have
a parapet from seven to twelve fset h^ bst
nodildL

Utonils are foand jfonr and ive feet below
the smfiwe Tliey are qoite diflforent in kind
and shape fimn the stcme toob and flint arrow-
heads of the northern Indians, which are fre-
qnently pidied up (m the surface. They un-

Digitized by

Google

CA. jr.] INSCRIPTIQIIS; PORCBLAIN. 411

doabledly bdoQged to s^pe^ple acquaaited $rith
Ae arts.

. Iq some of i^ the mounds lunro beta £Miiid
plates iff copper rivetted together^ copper hetniM,
Tarious imidemeiitB of stoiie, and a very ami-
4m0 kimd qf poredam. The Indiaiis regaid
tbeai with as muoh aurpriae as we da There
are iMcriptians engrmeu on a hurge stealmu of
rocka^ on the a6ath*eaat aide (tf tJie (^o, two
Biilas below the mouth of Indian or KiBg%
Creeks which empties into the Ohio fifty nuka
below Pktabnrg^. The rocks am horiairatal^
and so close to the edge of the rir^, that at
times the water cov^m them.

At the distance of a few yarda from the bank
id the river, t^ere are several large masses of
Urn same kind of rock, on whidi there are m*
ecripthms also qf the same kind, which a^^ear
to hove been engraven at the same time.

The town of Tondinson, state of Ohio, is
built iqion mie of tiieae square forts. Several
mounds are within a mile: three ^ them are
higher than the rest. In digging, to build
a stable at the side of one of these, many curi*

Digitized by

Google

412 TOMBS. ANTiaomES. ICLX.

aoB stone impIemeDts were foond; one re-
sembled a syringe: there was a pestle, and some
oval .copper beads. In another mound, in Co-
lonel Bigg's garden, there was a vast nnmb^
of human bones, stone took, and a stone signet
of an oval shape, two inches long, with a figure
In relievo, like a note of admiration, surround-
ed by two raised rims. Captain Wilson ob-
swved that it was. exactly the figure of the
hmnd with which the Mexican horses were
marked.

A tumulus twelve feet high, and a parapet
of five feet, with only cme entrance, was sur-
rounded by a regular ditch. One, called the
Big Grave, is sixty-seven and a half feet high,
with steep sides; the diameter at top is fifty-
five feet, but the summit of the apex form^ a
bas<m three or four feet in depth : the base is
half an acre. It is covered with large trees,
and sounds hollow. Its contents may deve-
Ippe the history of these antiquities. The Rev.
Dr. Madison thinks these were fixed habita-
tions.——5^^ the Rev. Mr. Harrises Tour to
Ohio." . James Met^e, M. D. p* 478.

Digitized by

Google

CfuX.^ COLOURED FUHS AND LEATHER. 418

iVb<^. ---The copper armour^ tiie Gurioas porce-
lain, and the hieroglyphics, correspond withsuch
things found in Peru and Mexico, and subject
all these settlements to the strongest suspi-
cion of being Chinese-Mongol.
. Among other proofs, there were found, by
Soto, at Talomeco, furs prepared as well
as the best in Russia or Grermany, and im-^
proved by being art^daUy coUmred. (This
is a well known art in China, and not likely to
have been practised by the rude Americans.)
There were also chamois skins of different co-
lours, besides an immense number of pearb. —
Vegi^s Florida, p. 279.

' With respect to the fortifii^tioas, we have
seen that the first act of the Mexicans was to
throw up exti^nsive entrenchments. The wtiHet
of this is^ of opinion with Dr. Madison, thi^
some of these places were fixed habitations, for
they resemble those in Mongolia. Cartoorum,
the capital of Genghis Khan, was surrounded
by a quadrangular mud wall, a Grerman mile in
its whole extent. Olougyourt, the capital of
Grenghis*s soli, was surrounded with a quadran-

Digitized by

Google

414 EXTENSIVE BREAST WOKK. [CA. X.

giihr wiUt w ith <h% one curtiattce <m eaeb aide.
^8m Wiirs 0$ui JSparts, p.lSfK

'^ On the shore 0f the Missisnpiyioaaii^^
below lake Pepiii, (N. Ut 44^ lOr, W.Loit OS'X
OD a fine plafai^ we found a partial eleratkm;
which, though covered with grasa, I ooidd plain-
ly diflcem had <Miee been a breaat-wrak id
aboi4 four feet m hmgH, extending about a
mile; its form waa aomewhat circulai^ ud Urn
flanks reached to the river. It was suffieieDir
ly capacious to cover five thousand men, and
though much defaced by time, erery ang^ was
distingiiishaUe^ and appeared as regular, and
foshioned with as much mititary skill as if
planned by Yaaban himsdf. Pohape the
hints here given may tead to a more pevfoet
investigation of it, and give qs vcary diffieiratt
ideas <tf the ancient state of realma, that we at
present believe to have been from the earliest
period only the habitation of savages.'* — Cap*
tain Carver, p. 56.

'' After leaving Lake Pepin, in t^i days I
arrived at the falls of St. Anthony, (lat. 44* MT);
about thirty miles below them, is a remarkfdile

Digitized by

Google

CiLX.] HIEROGLYPHICS. 415

ei.T6with a lakejmit, 1 fbund in this eav^
many Indian kierog^fpkics, which appeared
very ancient^ they were nearly covered With
moss. They were cnt in a rude manner^ upon
the inside of walla of soft stone/ — Ckiptam
(iarver^p. 64.

^ kasA the extensiFe plains of Upper Cana*
da, in Florida, and in the deserts bordered by
the Ovonoco, the Cassiqaiare, and tibe Onainia,
dykes of a considerable length, weapons qf brass,
and setdptured stones, are indications that
those very countries have formerly been in-
habited by industrious nations, which are now
traTersed only by tribes of sarage hunters/ —
HmmboUt, Vol. i. p. Sfi. TradHions exist in
Canada of a race of giants. — See BeMs Hero-
dotns, Clio, note 98.

See Map, No. 11.

Nbar the mouth of the Mississipi, an enor*
mous fossil grinder of the elephant, its sides
being much worn, as if brought by the waters.

Digitized by

Google

416 BIG BULI. GROUNDS. [CA.X.

was dog op along with laige grinders of ike
mastodon. — Cmner.

Note.^^The Natchez on the Mississipi are
presumed to be Mongols._i8ee Ch. YI. It is
worthy of enquiry why a kind of extensive
mountain or wood, on Arrowsnnth's Mi^ in
lat 32* ao, not fiur from Natehez, is named
"" Big BmU Grounds.'' We find by the tradi-
tions that the elephants are called big hmtU. —
See Mr. J^ereons notes, p. 56.

See Map, No. 12.

In the Apelouse country, (N.Lat 3r), a
lower jaw of an elephant with one grinder in
it. — Cuoier.

See Mc^, No. 13.

At Stono, Carolina, (N. Lat. 32" Sfy. W.
Lon. 80^ 1 0). Three or four grinders. — Cimer.

Digitized by

Google

Ch. X.-] STOMACH OF A MASTODON. 417

See Map, No. 14.

' In Biggin Marsh, near the origin of the west
branch of the Cuivre, Sonth Carolina, some
elephants* grinders at the depth of dghtor
nine feet — Qwier.

Note. — ^No elephant has less than eight
molar teeth, and many have twelve. AH that
are described in Nos. 12, 13, and 14 would not
make more than one animal.

See Map, No. 15.

^' In 1805, many bones of these animals (the
mastodon) were found in the county of Wythe in
Virginia, (north lat. «7%W. Lon. 81^), about five
feet under the earth, upon a bed of limestone.
One of the teeth weighed seventeen pounds.
But what renders this discovery, the more re^
markable is, that a nuus qfka^ ground branches
roots, and leaves, inclosed in a kind (jf sack,
supposed to be the stomach, was found in the
midst qf these hones, so as to leave no dotibt that
these were substances thai the animal had de-

EE

Digitized by

Google

418 BfOLABTBBTHOFELBPHANTS. [CA.X

vaured. Among the vegetable matter in this
sack, were distinguished the remains of some
plasti ktiown im YvtffsdsJ'^-Mees's C^. Ad-
dmda, "" Mtutodaiir

In Virginia, near the river Dumhslwa, in the
county of Wythe, in a salt mnrii at tlie depth
of sk feet, gveat bones andgrinders of an ele-
idumt; and at the same tiaeie other teeth Ifte
those of the little mastodon.— €M0r.

See Map, No. 16.

At Chesapeak, (north kit. 37^, W. Lon. 76o),
east coast of tiie bay, a grinderw— <7tiei^.

See Map, No. 17.

kx Middleton in Monmovth, (north Iat40^
98f, W. LoiL 74^ \V), a grinder of thetme fiMJl
fl0pliant«*«*<&m^.

Digitized by

Google

Ch.X.'] MOLAR TEETH LIKE ASIATIC. 41ft

Slee 3iaprNo. 18.

At Chemung^ a branch of the Susquehanna^
named by the savages Riviere de la Come^ (N.
Lat. 42*> 3(y, W. Lon. 76° SV), one grinder
and part of a tusk six feet long, and thirty-one
faich^fl in drcmnference, belonging to on^
which, if whole^ would measmre ten feet at least.
According to Mr. Barton^ the mokr tooth to-
sembles the Asiatic elephant. — Cnmer.

Note. — In Nos. 16, 17, 18, the whc^ would
not compose mdre than o^ie adimal^ though
they may have belonged to more. It is by no
means improbable that grinders have some-
times been removed from the places where the
ammab had died, ai cariosities. Hier^isan
inscription, supposed to be Tartona^, engraved
0n the rocks of Digfaton, (N. Lat. 4r 47), ia
Narraganset bay, near the banks of Tamiton
tiver, twelve leagues south of Boston. — See
Humboldt, Vol. i. 151. In Ch. XII. it is shown
that the natives of tiiis bay wete recognised
by Bishop Berkeley, and the portndt pdntet
Smilmety to be the same race of pe<^ as the

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

420 BONES IN CALIFORNIA AND ATLIMA.[CA.X

Siberians^ given by Peter the Great to the
Duke of Florence. — Benj. Smith Barton, M.D.
p. xvi.

See Map, No. 19,

' ^' In our days^ one of the gigantic skele-
Urns was found upon a hill in California^ not
far from Ktuia KaamaH'' — Clavigero, Vol. L
p. 84. This place is not on the map of Yenegas,
nor on th^t of Robertson.

Note. — The Mexicans are described as bar-
ing crossed from California to Culiacan«— iS>^
Ch. VII.

See Map, No. 20.

I L^ARNT^ while I was at the VUie dee RcU,
(Lima), in 1550^ that some giants' bonc^ had
been found there, of a greater size than those
are where the giants \mAeA.— Vegay \\. 394.
\ iVb/e.— Mango Capac, who first appeared at
Lake Titiaca, probably came on shore at this
place. Being the chief, it was natural that he
should have with him the. largest elephants.

Respecting these remams, Robertson re-

Digitized by

Google

Ck. jr.] ROBERTSON'S REMARKS. 421

iDarks, ( Vol. \. note xxxiy.) — ^^ The animals, of
America seem not always to have been of a size
inferior to those in other quarters of the globe.
Near the banks of the Ohio, about one hundred
and ninety miles below the junction of the
Scioto with that river, a vast quantity of bones,
of immense magnitude, have been found, five
or six feet under ground. Dr. Hunter's opin-
ion is, that they belonged to some huge carni-
vcrous animal, and not to the elephant. Bones
of the same kind, and as remarkable for their
aze, have been found near the mouths of the
great rivers Oby, Jenesai, and Lena, in Siberia.
The exist^ice of such animals in America
might open a wild fidd for conjecture. The
more we contemplate the face of nature, and
ocmsider the variety of her productions, the
more we must be satisfied that astonishing
changes have been made in the terraqueous
globe, by convulsions and revolutions, of which
no account is preserved in hifltory.''

The Mexicans" says Baron Humboldt,

Digitized by

Google

402 HUICSOLDTS ReMAKKS. [CI JT.

{Fol. I 811)> ^' miftde use of helmets, wUchittt-
tilted the fbrm of the head of a Berpent, a ero
eodffe, or a jagaar. In the mask of the sacrt»-
ficer, we discover the reisemblaiice of the trcmk
of an elephant, or fioffie pachydermatoos aid-
mal resembling it in the configuration of the
head> h^t the upper jaw-bcme i» fomiiGAied with
hidsive teeth.

The tnuszle of the tapir is no donbt some*
what longer than the snoot of our swine^ hat
ttkeve Is a great diitanoe from the mnssde o£
file tapir to the trunk figured in the Codea
Borgimus* Had ike peofie qfAtOoMi spnmg
/rom Asiatic origin, preserved same Mguena-
Hms of elephmUf Ori whidi appears to me
much less probable, did their traditions go
back to the period when America was yet pee*
pled with those gigantic animals^ the petrifisd
{dtitetotts of which are found bmied in .^Oe
marfy lands, even on the ridge of the Mexicaa
Cordilleras? May there not abp e^dst in the
north west part of the New Contin^it, in
countries not visited by Heame, Mackenzie,
^ Leliris, some unknown animal of this kind.

Digitized by

Google

CLX] GLAVieBiuysonraoM. 408

wUfth^ltom tlw^(tii4giii«(iOft ^ita

tiie middUe phce betureen the eiephist and tlie

tapiir

'' I am well awar^ (saya Giavigere), thafc
maiiy Eirnqpeon pfailoaopken, who laugh at
the belief of giants, will pity my evednlity;
hut I will not betray the truth, te avoid oeR-
sure. I know, that amcmg the eirilijed aa-
tkna of America^ it was a eorrmt inriBtfen,
that a race of men had existed, of ^cbraofdiBa*
ry height aad bulk; but I camiot remember an
insiUmce, among the Amerioan nations, of
theie evCT having been elephants or hippopota*
nmses.

^ I know from innumerable writers, and two
eye-witnesses of unqnestionaMe credit, Hev^
nandes and Acosta, who were men of leandi^,
that human skoHs and skeletims have been
found, otutiofiMaBg size: but I do not know
tiiat any skeleton of a hippopotamos has been
ibund,ora single tooth of an elephant. I know
that some of the said greM bones have been
found in tombs, which ^ppen ovidently to
have been made on purpose; but I am yet to

Digitized by

Google

424 FRESHNESS OF THE FOSSIL BONES. [CA. X.

learn of tombs ever havipg been constructed
for sea-bwses and efephants. AUthis^ and
more^ must be weighed, before we presume to.
assert, with some authors, that these b<mes be-
longed to those, or some such great animals. —
Some have thought, that these were hemes of
unknown quadrupeds, now exHnet, or of sea
animals.''— Fo/.L /1. 84. VoLilp.^M. ,

Note. — Thus we find, that there are living
wild elephants in America ; ythat, in most cases
where the bones have been found, Jmman ac-
tum is described as in conflict with giants: a
stomach of an elephant was seen, which con-
tained the vegetables that grow in the same
country; and, that almost all the pJacei^ are
sulgect to the proof or supposition of having
been inhabited by Mongols* Moreover, that
some of the grinders are like those ot Siberia,
which refp,Qa belonged to the monarch, who is
conjectured to have been the fiither of Mango
Capac, in the year 1283; and to this may be
added, that no fossil bones found in the old
world are sojresh as those in America. In
estimating numbers of ships, tooops, and ele-

Digitized by

Google

Ck. X.] POWER OF THE GRAND KHAN. 425

phants, and on contemplating the mighty ob«
ject of subduing a great empire by one inva-
sion, the reader must consider, that Kublai
was, (if the estimates of the papulation of CSii*
na be any thing near the truth), master of more
than half of mankind: and of very numerous
countries which produce elephants, not a
grinder of which has ever been seen by any
European.

Digitized by

Google

426

CHAPTER XI.

Remarks on Quadrupeds said to be extinct.

One hundred and twenty Boman Ships

traded annually from the Red Sea to the

East Indies. The Tapir of Sumatra.

Description of Two Living Unicorns.

Hippopotamus. Mastodon. Ii/i-

perfect Knowledge of Fossil Quadru^
peds.

IN a preceding work it has been proved^ that,
in the Wars and Sports of the Romans and
Mongds^ infinitely more elephants and other
animals were employed or slain^ than are ne-
cessary to account for the whole of the fossil
remains of quadrupeds and other animals dis-
covered in Europe and Siberia: and in almost
every instance where such remains are found,
it has been shown, that battles have been

Digitized by

Google

CkXI.-] ROMAN AND MONGOL ElfPIRBS. 437

fettglit Upon the tsrpot^ or that gttnes of tiie am-
pUtheatra have been CThibited^ in winch die
Roottos are recorded, by iniivnwiiMe aiitihor^
itiei to have employed tiie vtory quadrupeds
l3ie boMs of which have been dug up. I^
ittghty emperors of Rome possessed Europe^
exc^ the high northern parts^ and a eonsider^
able portion of Asia md Africa. The more
Aii^ty Moguls, in the thirtemrth century, were
im^ters of all China, India beyond the Burram*
pooter, Tangut,Thibet>Tartary, Siberia^Persia,
Bagdat, Georgia, Asia Minor, the C^rimea;:and
aB Russia was tributary to tiiat poww.

History is extremely defective with regard
to both of these immense empires; but suffi«>
dent has reached us to prove what is aUegei
above> in such numerous instancesy that it may
almost beasserted l&at ike ^oman and Men*
gol conquerors may, with confidence, be traced
by the remains of elephants and m^iageries of
quadrupeds which are supposed to be emtind*
If^uches:traordinaryc<^ections,consistingoftfe^
mafais of European, Asiatic, and AfricananimalB;
some of hot, and some of ccAd ctfmates, which

Digitized by

Google

428 ERRONEOUS THBCmiES. [CA. XI.

hare been fonnd in Italy, France, and EngUmd^
eottldbe attributed to any natucal cause, such
as tluise countries once haying been tropical^ as
some persons have imagined ; it may be asked,
why no such coilections have been discovered
in Setdkmd or Ireland f And could either of
the theories hitherto advanced with respect to
Kirkdide prevail against the historical narra-
thres of the Roman emperor, who resided three
years at York, and celebrated his triumph over
Parthia and Arabia, during his stay in that
dl^; and who is said to have possessed ihe
very kind of quadrupeds, the r^nains of which
have been found at Kirkdale; amongst which
are bones of a hippopotamus^ known only to
inhabit Africa; and a tiger, not found any
where but in Asia?

' It is a. most surprising circumstance, that na
naturalist has examined history cm this import-
ant subject. How much more interesting it
is» when any remains of an unknown animal
are found, to be able justly to esq^ect to disco-
ver the living subject in some of the recesses
of Africa or Asia not yet explored by modems^

Digitized by

Google

Ch.XL'] TROPICAL PLANTS IN SIBERIA. 420

than fo attribute them to either of tibt hyp^i*
theses to which they are referred; but not OM
of which brings satisfactory convidion to the
mind.

Some of them are at variance wiA commoa
sense — such, for instance, as supposing the
earth to have been vl fixed 9tar. Another is in
contradiction to the known laws of nature: as
it supposes the axis of the earth to be rotary.
Attempts have been made to prove a former tro-
pical region in the Arctic Cirde^firom the finding
of vestiges of plants in cold dimiEites, Siberia,
for instance, which are not now knbwn eat-
ceptin tropical countries; but history here
agmi presents itself to elucidate this portion
of the inquiry. We iSnd that Siberia was ix^
vaded from China and India, more than two
thousand years ago: and that immense armies
of several hundred thousands of troops were iq
that r^on in the thirteenth century, consist-
ing of Chinese, Arabs, and Indkns, (extra Graft-
gem): that elephants were employed in these
wars, besides other cattle from the south, and
that the Moguls possessed China, India extra

Digitized by

Google

«M NATUBAL PSBSBRVATION OF SEED. [ekXL

fli»|^ip;aiidaUabem,twoofthi»ectt*nri^
It Ib w^ known UmA, hyn$Mxe, sai^ «ra frd^
Ifksted ftem demyii and mmy ktads evm from
digestion, in such a surprising manner as to
ff)gmm» of Ibe iwuvefiMe kistances of ^e
pcovidmee of the Croalor. These coftquaroia
of Sihtria» resided very h^ in the nofUL The
Turin in the sixth oentury, who alao possessed
dephaolSt conqueied up to theAietio Sea.
Tkt pada of elephants^ which are in general
large teoi^ to ibrm bedding tot a mani hare
in all prohahility been stuifed with grass^ fmk,
leases* and bfanchfts of tropical plants; hendes
w^iit other v^otables may haTO been used
for the bttffidoes and bullooks, oraspaokaga
of the baj^jage of oiBcers and troops. The
aaeda of theae plants would undoubtedDy ke^
sound till noeident might scatter them in Sibe^
fkk, and where the excessive beat of the 8mn»
ner would cansethem to grow to their natonl
siaa the first season. But uvach a change firmn
their natoxdclimate, and the diiBnentlengtt of
the seasons, would, in a certain period, reduce
their size and ^>pearanee in sudi a way as no

Digitized by

Google

CLJr/.] NOVA ZMMUA. ATLANTIS OF PLATO. 4^1

lollgertoliiltowtkemtaber€k^fmfi9da^
IhAt tliejr wMt in tht finU aeadDiisof theirgrowth
In the QOftiL Mmb^ t»!t!anMi^h^^
Urn tiiMky of Bnftm, ngaiding^ a fonner hat
MmAe in nfffibera MgiiuU), bat k is widfy
uiUeniAlefmm any fcnown opentionfl of n»1nre«
and may tharefote betlaeinad a mme hypothe-
sis^ witliaut any pioof whatevier. Monwnr
Bailfy waaao in&tiiated with tUs iitrangf no-
tin; that ha co^jeetnies Nora Zenfia to he
tht Athmtia of Plato*. The mttderfol fe
much more oiptiTating to the ^enen^y ^
nankiml, than tim plain ttn?aiaidied pxohabili-
tf,€atfSQ9ti httt»inm)bjeot8of6cienoet^9bonU
nerer be entittod to a pfeforenoe.

AeoordiBg to the Baron Cnvier, reowna of
alipluttsds ind suoh animals-arv niTer fionnd
where they may not have been d^^ted by
ihe hand of man or by aocident In the yeer
1788^ at Ai3^ in Provence hi querryhig MmcH
fltMM^ under ekten strata of send and day» at
the depth of forty-fife feel, the workmen finmd

* See Sir Wm. Jonest Vol i. p. 55.

Digitized by

Google

433 GEOLOGICAL PUZZLE. [CLXI.

« bed 4d Bhdk aad stoom; and nademmA a
stratum of sand, atnmps of eohnroiii balf
wrought^ coins, handles <^ hammera, and a
-board seven feet Umg, bnAen, bot Ike pieces
ail theie, and wbich fitted eachotber, wmai,
and like the boards nsed by qnarry^^oien. The
pieces of wood were changed into agate*— ~
CatrntSoMrmm. JPkil.Mag.lm. p. 4S8.

If the bones of an animal supposed extimet
had been found in this phuse, instead of corais,
&c. it would have been deemed an unanswer-
able proof of an antediluvkm origin.

j^6Dg the numwous causes finr mislwdi^g
the judgment of the general reader on this sub-
ject, is the ind^dte meaning of the word Jm-
sil; some imagining that the bones are general-
ly, from age, changed into agate, Hke the board
above mentioned, but this is rarely the case;
and even when it does happ^, it can be no
proof of their, being antediluvian. The word
means nothing more Hibb, found in' the eartk^
from Jbua, a ditch; and the bones, never
appear older than in a state that might be
caused by one or two thousand years; and ve-

Digitized by

Google

Ck. XI.-] GEOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES. ^ 433

ry often iliey are not more decayed than bones
dng out of grayes.

A shaped beam was founds in 1714, on sink^
mg a wdl near Tobolsk, at rixty^/bur fathaiM
depth. ' Skeletons of whales have been found
she or eight hundred nnles inland, in Siberia. —
8tnMenberg, p. 405. Rivers in these lati-
tudes will deposit eet^enjeet ^ mud in one sea-
son.—Captain Coekran^s Jawmey^p. 84/

The species of elephants, and other quadru-
peds, the bones of which have been discoveried,
differ from those species known to naturalists :
but it is scarcely possible that they could agree;
the Romans having procured thefar animals
from the interior of Africa*, and the northern

^ The Romans were masters of the north countries,
and coast of Afnca; and they possessed Egypt more
than six hundred years. Africa was known to the
Romans in the reigns of Augustus and Adrian, as frr
as south lat. 14^. — Esprit des Loix, Im. xxL CK x.
And according to another author, Africa as frr as
smth lat. SOP paid tribute to the Romans.— iSbrf^
Herodian, Svo, 174d, Introd. p. S5. They were there-
fore, probably, as well acquainted widi the interior of
Africa as the Ptolomies; and both of them exhibited

•PF

Digitized by

Google

4S4 NUBfBROUS SPBOBS. [CLX/.

pwts of A8iB» or by the RM fiba; Imd intarik
ists having formed their jodgiBent, of el^haats
is paitieulaT) from spedraen faMOg^ from the
Oqieof Good Hope, aad otlier parts of the
emui of Africa, and from the mmth of. Ana;
and we find three speeiee of ekphmts cangiifc
in one keddah, or inclosare at Tiperah^ in Bar
gtl. There aK on tiie continents, and in Ab
idandfl of 4fr^ and Aab, perhaps fifty exteB*
sifo oomiiries in wUdi dephants a«e fionnd
jvfld, Bot one of which has fumiriied a mohsr
tooth, to oahle MtorabBts to fimn any tfafag
like a ntmiel decision aa the qnestion of the
Ibnl 9igme& beng extinct. The very word
yoofcw has no drfnite meaning in natural hisr
tory.

3^e most remarkable collection of bones
which has been discovered is that in the Yal
d' Amo, near Florence, in which aro remains of
^' the hippopotamus in immense numbers, the
rhmooeros, elepbantii oz^ hwse^ deer, by»9a»

t, and iamiineiaUe olber quadrupeds new
Ciaed to be extinct.

Digitized by

Google

CL JT/O RBMARKABLB BffiNAOERIE. . 435

bear, tiger, ioui, wdf, mMtodm, hog, Aqnr, atacl
beaver. The bones are loosely scattered ; not
in entire skeletons like those in Rnssia and
l^beria.''— iV^^Mor BttcUand, Seetmd Edit,
p. 181 . Quarterly Meciew, hni. p. 163.

At the period when these bones were dkh
€W0reA, they oonristed,. as w^nld then haw
been supposed by any oim ac^ainted with
the eountries in ^whieh quadrupeds are found,
of animals fjxm the four quarters of the g^obe:
the hippopotamus from Afirioa^ tbe ti^ fimn
Asia, the tainr from Ainerica, aqd angr one of
the «naUer beasts being Buropean.

Would any person yenture to pronouiMe
this collection the prodnoe of any posefble
natural cause? Or affirm that theie is not eviery
probability of the whole of thrai not b«wg n^
somewhere in existence? They nnist unqnes*
tionably have beai brought tether fiir m
amphitheatre, and if this inferenee cannot he
disputed, how many other heaps of jueh .se*
mains must be sulijected to the same conclu-
sion? And they are in most instwoep found
where amphitheatres are knonm to haw exist-

FP2

Digitized by

Google

4.16 FOSSIL BONES IN AUVBRGNE. ICkXI.

ed, either by their remaining rains, or the re-
cords of history: and always consist of a similar
variety of the same animals.

^ Bones of no less than thirty species of ani-
mals hme been found Very lately, in yolcanie
tufa, in the department of Pny-de-Dome in
France, principally in Mount Perrier, near the
Issoire, and a large proportion of these prove
to be extinct, and hitherto unknown quadrnr
peds. Among them are an elephant, a small
mastodon, a rhinoceros, hippopotamus, small
tapir, many of the genus Cervus, two bean,
three panthers, a hyaena, a fox, and an otter." —
Quarterly Rev. Sep. 1826, p. 511.

Here we find the very same animals as those
near Florence. This is . the situation of the
Arverni, the country of the celebrated Verdn-
getorix, who raised so powerful a conspiracy
against Julius Caesar, and was made their king.
As there was an amphitheatre in the district of
the British king Caractacus, can we doubt
there having been one in Auvergne? Thare
were amphitheati^ at Autun, Treves, Nismes,
BourdeauXy Paris, Poitou, and Aries.

Digitized by

Google

Ck XI.'] FOSSIL HUMAN BONES. 487

One of theaiguments for a mysterious origin
of the fossU remains of quadrupeds, which has
never failed being set forth, is, that no human
bones haye been found with them. It is ac-
knowledged by the highest modem authority
that human bones, of a relative sixe, retain
thrar consistence as long as those of quadru-
peds. Geology and anatomy have not long been
studied, and all large bones and dephants'
grinders, have, in all countries, even in Europe,
till lately been considered as human by the
mass of society; and as such hemes have gene-
rally been found by labourers and peajsumts,
how frequently may they have been accom-
panied by real human remains, without the
latter being mentioned? But human ranains
have been found with those of quadrupeds
supposed extinct; and have been deemed post*,
dilttvian, which they no doubt were. Lately,
at Harwidi, a very beautiful fossil turtle was
found embedded in a solid block of cement
8t<me: another large stone, when broken, was
found to contain ^ nearly the whole of a

Digitized by

Google

438 FOSSIL BONBS. CODIB. AKMS« &c. [CA. Xt.

No. 60. The instances are nuiEierous of Ro^
imm eoiiis, tirns, arms, or otber Teethes accon^
pftoying the remains of animals deemod extiMt
In London, the carcass of a fossil elephant was
found, and close by it was the head of a British
spean made of flint— -i^^/br/Mw/hMn Genf^.
Mag. Vol. i. 429. A fossil dephant was dog
up at Gloucester with fragments of a Boman
sacrificial altar, and bon» of oxen, she^ and
hogs.— lK#ih)p Hahewill, p. 228. An Irish
fossil elk has lately been found which had been
wounded with a spear or arrow. These few
instances prove that such remaim of ln|pe
quadrupeds are not antediiuTian, and coese-
quently not likely to be extinct Ge<rfogy and
natutd history are wide, and most important
and useftil fields for adYandng civilisation ai|d
knowledge; and when the hypothetical notiim
of aU fossil quadrupeds being of generaw species
which are extinct, because we have wA fei be-
come acquainted with thdr haunts^ shall be
abandoned ; science will in these departments

Digitized by

Google

Ch.XIJ] ROMAN COHMBRCE WITH INDIA. 439

asrame a Intimate and practical utiUly; and*
also a dignity never accorded to mere hypo^^
thesk, which, firom its Ratinre, is incapable of
proof. Natural and civil history will assist
each other; and such elucidations will tend to
forward the progress of real knowledge^ in
lieu of supplying an ingenious puzzle to dis-
tract and confuse the mind. It rmut be
rememhered thai these remarhs rffer only to
quadrupeds and other animals known to have
been exhibited by the Romans and the Mo-
guls.

On the Communication of the Romans with the
East Indies, by Sea.

s

The purpose of this note is« to prove the
fiftcility with which the Romans may have pro^
cured the tapir, or any other curiosity, by sea
from India. The high prices they gave foif
rare animals would cause their being sou^^
with an eagerness totally unknown in these
times. The fame of amphitheatrical sports
had spread over the distant countries of Asia

Digitized by

Google

440 AMPHITHEATRICAL SPORTS. [CA.JC/.

and Africa*. What muat have been the ex-
ertion by which the emperor Titusf brought
together five thousand wild beasts of every kind,

* (M the AmphUheatrical Sp<n'ts qf DondHan.

What soeiie sequestered, or what rude reaofm^
Sends no spectator to th' imperial town?
The Bhodopean hind now tempts Uie phins,
. And tunes ftom Hemus his Orphean strains.
The Sarmaty Cesar, hies thy works to see ;
And gives the steed he 8wiUs(a), to share the g^.
They oome, who first the rising Nile explore;
And they who hear remotest Tethys roar.
The Arab hasted J jkhe Sabean flew;
And the Cilidan own*d his native dew.
With tortured tresses here Sicambrians gay;
lliere £thi(^ bristling in their diverse way.
^id various speech, but one glad voice we find.
That hails thee fether of converged mankind.

E^^kimton^i Mdrtial,p. 19.

(a) The Tartar opens a vein of his horse and drinks his blood.

Britain ia not mentioned, probably from those sports
being so frequent in that island: there being remains
of amphitheatres at Dcnrchester, Silchester, Caerleon,
Sandwich, and mention of a circus at York, in Spar-
tian*8 Life of Severus ; besides vestiges in sevecal places
of other buildings whidi are supposed to have be^
amphitheatres.— iS^ar Augustan Histary, Sept. Severus,
Wars and Sports, Ch. X.

t Titus served in Britain under his finther Vespa*
sian, who gained thirty battles intbe southern parts,
and conquered the Ide of Wight. In one of these

Digitized by

Google

CA.X/.] R6MAN COMUBRCE WITH INDIA. 441

to slaughter on the single occasion of dedicathig
his amphitheatre^!

l%e Romans possessed Egypt above six
centuries; and, ^ we are informed by one author
of credit, (PUny N. Hist. L. vi. C. 26,) that
the commerce with India drained the Roman
empire every year of more than four hundred
thousand pounds: and by another (i9^ti^,6^^.
X. ii.jp. l79\ihBt (me humired and twenty ships
sailed ammally from the Arabian Gulf to that
countryf.''

conflicts ' Titus saved his fether's life. The amphi-
theatres at Dorchester *nd Silchester were probably
bu3t by these monarchs, as supposed by Dr. Stukeley.

^ Eutropius, Suetonius, and Cassiodorus say five;
and Dion Cassius makes the number mne thousand
wild beasts. — Wars and Sports] p. 327. So anxious
were distant monarchs to flatter and please the Romans,
that two kings of India, named Pandion and Porus,
sent to Augustus, accompanied with a letter in Gh*eek
from the latter, tigers, (which animal had never before
been seen ly the Somans), elephants, vipers of pro^Ugi*
ous sise, (cobra de capello?) a serpent twelve cubits
long, a turtle three cubits long, a partridge larger
than a vulture, (florikin, or bustard?) with pearls and
jewels. The ambassadors were four years on their
journey.-T-Oetntfr, " Augustus/'

t Robertson's America, Vol. i. p. 20.

Digitized by

Google

442 COUNTRY-SHIP TRADE. [CiLX/.

Aboat eighty yean after ^^ypt was annexed
to the Roman empire, Hippatns, commandet
of a ship engaged in the Indian trade, ven*
tured to take advantage of the monsoons^ and
boldly stretehed from the mouth of the Bed
Sea» across the ocean, to Musires> or Baiace^
two harbours on the Malabo coast, supposed
to be between Goa and Tellichen^, which he
reached in forty days* The ancient coasting
riiips were accustomed to trade with Patala^
on the Indus, and Baroach, on the N^bttdda;^
to which places all the productions of the in-
terior were brou^t To these emporia the
Indians, in vessels of their own, or country
ships, varying in form and burden, traded
from the golden Cherscmesus, or Malacca, and
the countries near the Ganges. Not fisur from
the mouth of that river, the author of the Na-
vigation of the Erythrian Sea, (Periplus,p. 36),
places an island, which he describes as situated
under the rising sun, and the last region in the
east that was inhabited. But he appears to
have had slender knowledge concerning this
imaginary island; as he relates, with the love

Digitized by

Google

CLXL^ SUMATRA KtiOWN TO THE ROMANS. 44S

of Ae iiian^nons, which always chaiaeteriseft
igxionnice, that these remote regions were peo^
pled with cannibals, and men of uncoutii and
raoestroos forms*.

When the emperor Anrelian, A.D.278, cap*
tnred 2^obia, the queen of Syria ; Firmu, the
friend and associate of the unfortunate queen,
cotleeted the remains of her army, and, being
in coUnsicm with tiie Egyptians, conquered
Alexandria. Firmus had become so ridi, from

* See Robertson's Itidia^ See. S. With all possible
deference to tbis excelfent historian; in this instance
of the marvellous, we may safely conclude that th^
author of the Periplus, having mentioned Malacca, al-
ludes to the island of Sumatra. The cannibals and
men of uncouth forms is a true description of that
country. Besides the monstrous oran-outangs, *' this
island produces a species of monkey having a face re-
sembling that of a man. They shave off the hair,
leaving it only on those parts where it naturally grows
on the human body^ and dry and preserve them with
camphor and other drugs, in such a manner that they
have exactly the appearance of little men. They put
diem in boxes, and s^U them to traders, who carry
them to all parts of the world. The Battas of Suma-
tra devour the bodies of criminals.*" — Marsden's Mar^
CO Pohy pp. 558, 004.

Digitized by

Google

444 TRIBUTE OF WILD BEASTS. [CA.X/.

commerce in paper and other merchandwe^
that he publidy dec^ured he could maintain an
army. He was in friendship with the Blem-
my« and the Saracens. He oftentimes sent
merchant-ships to India. — Aurelian invaded
Egypt» and wrote to the people of Rome:—
^ We have defeated, taken, and killed the
wicked robber Firmus. The tribute of EJgyptp
which he had suspended, will now go entire to
you. Be in concord with the senate, the gen*
try, and the soldiers of the guards; follow your
pleasures, and entertain yourselyes with the

pastimes and shows of the ciri^us.'' Fkwhis

Vopiscus, Augustan Hist. ''Firmus.''

These notes will proye to the reader, that
the Romans possessed the means of procuring
animals from the East Indies by sea, as well
as by land.

The Tapir.

The remains of a tapir were found with
those of fourteen other quadrupeds, near Flo-
rence; which collection cannot be reasonably

Digitized by

Google

CLXL^ TAPIR. 445

attributed to any other origin than an amphi-
theatre; and therefore tl^e conclusion is, that
the tapir was known to the Romans.

This animal was, till yery lately, supposed
to be a native of America only; but there is
now, in the museum at the East India House,
a specimen oT a large tapir, which was sent by
Sir Stamford Raffles, alive, from Sumatra to
Bengal. If it be not existing in AMca*, it is

* '* Clavigero.asserts (says PMserton, 6eog.ii.6l6f)
that the largest quadruped in America is the Danta,
Anta, or Tapir, about the size of a middling mule, and
amphibious. This animal seems to be differ^it from the
Lanta or Danta of Africa, described by Leo; but the
identity of the name tends to confirm the idea that
America was peopled from Africa." Deeming this
idea of Pinkerton's an important allusion, both with
respect to the existence of the tapir in Africa, and if
so a wonderful coincidence in the name ; on referring
to Leo Africanus, B. vL Ch. iz. it appears that the
** Lant, or Dant, in shape resembles an ox; except
that he has smaller legs,' and comelier horns; his hair
is white, and his hoo& black as jet. The most certain
trial of the Barbary horses is when they can overtake
the lant or the ostrich, in which case they are esteemed
worth a thousand ducats. The lant is easiest caught
in summer, because his hoofSs are set awry hy the heat
of the aaxid:*—Leo in Purchas, Vol ii. p. 846. This
is therefore not a tapir, and the resemblance in the
word is accidental.

Digitized by

Google

446 A BBITI6H COIN. lCk.Xi.

a proof of the extraordhuuy painB that moat
hmre been taken, and the great expense in-
curred, to procnre rare animals for the pur-
pose of acquiring popularity with the Roman
people.

We know, that about the first century, the
Britadi kings had the elephant and the unicom
on their coins: and there is great probability
of their having had the tapir also. The read-
er is referred to a coin of Cunobeline, on Plate
lY . This king was father of Caractacus, and
had been brought up at the court of Augustus.
There are no less than thirty-nine of his coins
stiU extant He was king of the Trinobantes,
and his capital was Camelodunum, now Col-
chester. The coin is of brass, and it is copied
with exactness, from Camden's Britannm, by
Philemon Holland, folio, London, 1637, p. 89.
The tail in the engraving is not like that of a
tapir, and the shoulder is perhaps too high, un-
less that circumstance may be attributed to
the position of the beast. So short is the tail
of the tapir, that a painter might, in taking a
resemblance of the dead animal, suppose that

Digitized by

Google

.Cft.Xr.] TAWR. 447

it had been cut ofl^ or lost; lint this is a meite
conjecture* ^ HoweFer, as this coin cannot he
meant for an elephant or a hog^ there' remains
nothing but the tapir to which it is similar.^—
And, as we now know that the tapir was
within the reach of the Romans, it is a very
curious circumstance. The horse and the ea-
jfgie, on other coins, aite faithfuQy cbcecuted. —
CSamden, p. 97, says—'' This king flourished
in the days of Augustus and Tiberiud, and, be-
cause Britain b^^an to cast off her barbarous
mden^ss, bis head was made like that of Janus,
who was the first that introduced dvilizaticm.
Camden makes no remark whatever respecting
the reverse of this coin, although he d6« on
^Qse of some on the same page. The tapir,
when Camden wrote, was probably not known
to be in existence* He finished his book be-
fore the year 1617.

Egypt was conquered by Julius C»iar,
B. C. 48 years; and4he British king died A.D.
41; therefore, as we find that tiie Romans had
so extensive a commerce with the Malabar
coast, and that the native Indians brought

Digitized by

Google

448 THE ORYX OR UNICORN. ICLXI.

their produce in country ships to that niari»
kistory offers no objection to the living tapir
haying been known in Britain at the period in
question.

The Unieam.

In another work*, the probability of the ex-
istence of this animal has been discussed. The
unicorn is on the coin of a British king about
the period of the reign of Augustus. An uni-
corn deer was killed in Siberia. — Bell (jfAnter^
molny. Tamerlane slew unicorns and rhmo^
ceroses near Cashmere. Vincent Le Blanc
mentions their existence in the queen's park at
Pegu, in the sixteenth century. Mr. Barrow
found a drawing of one in a cave on a moun-
tain at the Cape of Good Hope, very like that
on the British coin, and the natives say that it
exists in those parts, north of our boundary.—
Ptolemy the king of Egypt, and several Bo-
man emperors, were drawn by oryges with one

♦ Wars and Sports, Ch. xi.

Digitized by

Google

Ch.XL'] MODBRN IGNORANCE OF AFRICA. 4i9

bonu The part of Africa which is supposed
^to con^am these animals, has nevw been vi-
sited by modem scientific Europeans^ from
north fait 10°, to south latSO*, and is more ex-
tensive than Europe. The Romans are said
to have received tribute from Africa to south
lat. aor.-^Hatfi Herodim, Int. p. 85. Thus
^ere is every historical probability that this
beast is in existence. Since writing the vo-
lume alluded to, the author has met with the
following description of two living unicorns: —
^ On the other part of the temple of Mecca,
lure parks or places enclosed, where are seen
two. unicorns; they are there shown to the
people as a miracle; and not without good rea«
son^ for their rareness and strange natureir— -
One of them, which is much higher than the
other, is not much unlike a colt of thirty
months of age: in the forehead groweth one
horn, in manner right forth, of the length of
tloee cubits. The other is only one year of
age, and like a young colt: the horn of th» is
of the length of four handfuls. This beast
Is of that colour of a horse called weasd, and

GG

Digitized by

Google

450 TWO LIVING UNICORNS. [CJiXI.

hath a head like a hart, hut noia long neck^ and
a thin mane hanging on one side. Thdr legs
are thin>and slender, Uke a &wn or hind: the
hoofs of the fore feet are divided in two, moeh
like the feet of a goat; the outer part of the
hinder feet is very fall of hair« This beast
aeemeth wild and fierce, yet tempereth that
fierceness with a certain comeliness* The^e
unicorns were, given to the sultan of Mecca as
a most precious and rare gift. They were sent
him out of Ethiopia by a king of that country^
who was desirous, by such a present, to gratify

that sultan" Traoels t^ Lewes Vertonunmui,

a gentleman qf the city^jRome, to ^igfpt^Arth
hia, S^c. A.D. 1503:/rom the Pdrtngueee qf
Antanie Galvano, by Richard HaMnyt^ VoLm
page 162.

Hippopotamus.

Thesb animals are peculiar. to Africa, and
were exhibited by the Romans in great nmn-
bers* Their remains have been found at. the
three principal residences of the Roman empe^
rors, while, they visited or lived in Britain— at

Digitized by

Google

Ck. XI.'] HIPPOPOTAMUS. PAVEMENT. 451

Kew/neor London; at Harwich^ near Colclieik
ter; airi at Kirkdale, near York.

We have seen that the British kings had the
elephant, unicom, and the (tapir?) on their coin ;
and the BriiUh Emperor CJaransitis Jiad a Bon
on his well executed coins, which aniinials he
bfbnght with him from Africa, whither he saiP
ed with a fleet whiph was an over-match for
that of the Roman empire, while' under Btfaxi-
mian and Constantius Chlorus; and from
whence he returned triumphantly to Britain,
where the lions formed a part of his magnifi-
cent games*. The reader is referred to Pbite
lY. which ediibits wliat he supposes to be a
Uppopotamus: it is part of a Roman paye-
ment, representing Orpheus surrounded by a
winged horse, a dogf , a wolf, a stiag^ a boar, an

* T^ Britiflh lEmperor struck three hundred dif-
ferent cobs and medab. — Wars andSportiiCh. xiii.

t The wild beasts were conveyed spmetimes/in
cages of iron. Symmachus speaking of some dogs,
brought from Scotland^ says, they were so fierce at the
games that they might have been imagined to haye
been .brought Hkewise in ca6e4B of iron. — Marquis
Mafei,BaoJcu.cLyn.

G02

Digitized by

Google

493 MA8TODOMTBS AND ELEPHAKT& [Ci.X/,

ekphaafc^ Alioii# and the animal engraved*

The pavement is elaborately grand, and was
fiottnd at Rozby in Lincolnshiie^. It is not
Hke a bear, nor doei it resemble any other as^
nud except the hippopotamns; and, as bones
of that beast were found near York, which was
the head quarters of the Roman empire for
three years, it has probably been copied from
the livii^ animaL

The Mastodon.

RxMAHls of this animal have been found in
Euvq^ and America. In Europe, mwedwith
tkpkcoM remain, at Krembs and Floraice;
and in America, aeeompamed alio wUh hom$ ff
^ephanU^ in the kingdom of New Gianadi^ on
the ridge of the Mexican Cordilleras, in the
plains of Hascak, at the mouth of tibe Missis-
sipi, and at Wythe in Tirginia. — See Ck. X.

From tfiese statements, two inferences may

* The engnyiag k in VoL L a hrge fdio of printi»
of the Antiquarian Society, at the Boysl Institutioa*

Digitized by

Google

CKXI.'] MOUNTAIN ELEPHANTS. 493

be dnwn: the first, that^ in radi inirtaiMeiy
both the elephants and mastodontes are of 0^
HnctBpmeB; or else, are both still in exfste»ee»
The second, that it is wholly madmissible that
the mastodon can be camiYorOoSy aKhoi^
that opinion was decidedly pronoonoed by so
eminent a naturalist as the cdebrated John
Hunter.

In the fifty or sixty realms in Asia and Africa
which possess elephants, and the grindars of
which have never been seen in Europe^ the
mastodon is as likely to exist, as any other
kind.

Mountain elephants are said to be the latgest
and most courageous, and that tbey will easily
carry three or four thousand weight — SmdnTs
Btfffbn, Vol. xxviii.^. 162—166.
* The writer will venture a conjecture that
mastodontes are mountain depkaatu, and that
their molar teeth are formed with the usual
providence and adaptation of the Creator, for
the purpose of feeding on the branches of trees ;
those elephants with the well known usual
grinders generally feeding on succulent coarse

Digitized by

Google

454

FOSSIL REMAINS.

ICk. XL

gmai ot rushes. Their remains being fonndm
America^ is a proof, according to the hypothesis
now oflfered, that mastodontes inhabit Asia.
The Romans having procured their elephants
from both Asia and Africa, they may therefore
be tii existence in Africa.

Aiimabwteniitmedbytkeltamau
asdainf banes ofwhich have been
found.

Elephantt

H^>popotami

Bhinoceroset

Lkms

Tigew

Leopards

Lyaxas

Hyienas

Bean (oftea from Africa)

BoaiB.

Bufialoef

Foreign Bulls

Deer (of many kinds)

Domestic animals

Rein Deer ^ iSte Gicvtsr'f Tkfeory

Elks S of the Earth, p. 69.

Chrocodiles

Anmali noi mentioned^ homa ef
which have been JmtmL

Mastodontes

Tapirs

Bearers.

Digitized by

Google

Ck. XL'] IMPERFECT KNOWLEDGE.

455

Bame$famd of quadnqfed^ named
Paleotheriam, or Ancient Wild
Beatt,wik a thick Skin.

In the Natural ^ttem^ tfier the
Tapir f and before the BAmoee'
roiandHane,

One the size of the Rbinooeros

Some Horae

Three kinds Hog, (varying

in the fSorm of the feet)

Some Sheep

Renw^itiM of fire other Species.
A carnivorous beast, genta Cams
One allied to {he hog

Bones of the Anoplotherium^ toi-
armed^ or toithoui wenfons.

Between the Rhinocerat aud hone
on one side, and the Hippopota-
mus, Hog, and Camel, on the
dther.

$ize of a small Horse

'.. Hog

Antelope

Hare

One very small

• • «
PlesiosauruB, (simiUur to a lizard)

Ammah named as exhsbUedor slam
by the Romans and Egyptians,
bones of which haoe not been
found in these Reseqrckes.

Crocotta, (between a dog and a

wolf)
Crocata, (between a hyma and , a

lioness)
White Bears

Indian Dogs, in vnmense numbers
Camelopards
Camels {one found at Montpelier.

— Qmrt. Rev, Izviii.p.SlO).
Dromedaries
Wild Asses
Zebras
Quaggas

Orixesy (unicorns)
Ethiopian Sheep
Arabian Sheep
little Dragons
Ostriches

Gnu, (known to the Romans.)—
Cuvier's Theory of the Earth,
p. 68.
Nyl Ghan, (probably known)
Om Kergay, (probably known, size
of a ihinooeros, qoite harmless)
— Burekhardt. Quarterly Btv,
/or Dec. 1833, p. 531.
BufRm numbered two hundred species of quadrupeds. A short time
afterwards Bomare enumerates two hundred and sixty-five, and sub-
sequently, Buffon himself increased his list to three hundreds — Cla"
wgero, Vol. ii. p. 233, 335. If we contemplate the two lists abeve^
and the vast number of extensive regions still unknown, we may^
safely conclude that our knowledge of fossil and of living quadru-
peds is still in its infancy.

♦ See Rees's Cyc. " Strata.*'

Digitized by

Google

456

CHAPTER XII.

Short Dissertatifm on the Original Popular
tion of America. Persons. Num-
bers. Languages.

On the Population of America.

J. HIS subject has been discussed by numer-
ous writers^ and the result of their labours
leaves the reader more perplexed than he was
before he perused their speculations. In the
course of these Researches, it has not appear-
ed that, when Columbus discovered America, it
contained either a white man, a negro/ cnr other
black man; and this is a very wonderful event,
when we consider the extremes of climate.

^^ The complexion of the Americans is of a^
reddish brown, nearly resembling the colour of
copper. The hair of their heads is always bhu±,
long, and coarse. They are said to have no

Digitized by

Google

Ck.Xn.^ PERSONS OF AMERICANS. 45T

beard. Their persoiis are of a full 8ize> straight^
and well proportioned; and their features re*
gnlar. UUoa^ who was ten years among thMs^
asserts that those who have seen one Amerir
can, may be said to have seen them all. Pe?
dro de Cieza de Lecm afifirms, that their innur
merable tribes^ in all the cUmates^ appear to be
ehildren of one fieUlier and mother.

The Esquimaux are> though swarthy^ inclin-
ing to the European white^ mther than. to the
American copper colour; and the men have
beards. There are chalk-*white indinduals, but
they are albmos^ such as accidentally exist in
all parts of the world*.**

'' The Mexicans are of a good stature^ well,
proportioned; the skin is of an olive colour,
and the complexion good; the forehead nar*-,
row, the eyes black, regular white teeth; the
hair thick, black, coarse,^ and glossy; their
beards thin, and generally no hair on their legs,
arms, and thi^is. Many of the young women
are beautiful and fair: they are naturally mo-

* Robertson, Book iv. and note xlv.

Digitized by

Google

468 mw DISPOSITION. iCi.XU.

desty and havfe a wmning sweetness in theit
manner of speaking*. The children are re-
spectful to their parents^ and the parents hire
the greatest affection for their oiBlpring. The
minds of the Mexicans are> by nature, in every
respect like those of the other children cf
Adanu The modem Mexicans have ilotihe
same fire, nor are they so sensible to the im-
pressions of honour as the ancient inhabitantsf *
With respect to the Americans' being without
beards, it appears probable that it is more the
effect of art, than any deflciencrir in nature;
this seems to be the opinion of those best quali-
fied to judge. It is their habit to pluck out
the hairs of the &ce with tweezers or bits of
wire twisted. Mr. Jefferson, in his notes on
Yirginia, says, that an American beau will, in

* This description agjrees with that of the Siberians,
** The Yakutes consist of Mongols, Tartars, and -
Mantchus; they are spread to the eastern extremity,
upon the coasts of the gulf of Pinjinsk^ and on the
shores of the Kovinut, on voU en eux Fhonneiet^ que
peut donner la nature.^ — Levesque Hist, de Rusde,
Vol. vii. p. 489.

t Clavigero, Book i.

Digitized by

Google

CJLXII.^ AMERICANS NOT BEARDLBSSp 450

this occupation^ spend hoturs at his toilet Thif
statement is conficmed by Carverj (p. 236); and
by Mr. Barton, (pp. Iv. Ixxx.) who has found
in history that the same custom prevails among
the Cahnucs, Tungusi, and the Yakntes. We
may therefore conchidie that Mongols and Ame-
ricans are by nature provided with beard%
like the rest of mankind; however their pre-
sent appearance may be changed by the cour
atant custom of many ages.

Regarding the amount of people in Americq»
when discovered by Columbus, there is no
number that has not be^ guessed^ from four
millions to three hundred millions.

Clayigero afiSrms that there were a.millioa
of priests in the kingdom of Bfexico; and that
six millions of people assembled to mtness a
festival in Montezuma's reign. We can attri-
bute this latter assertion, in particular, to nor
thing but a want of due reflection on the nu-
merical value of figures. * The impression on
the mind of the writer of this volume, is thatt
in 1492, America may have ccmtained between
twenty and thirty millions: but this is men-
tioned merely as his conjecture; whatever the

Digitized by

Google

460 RESEMBLANCE TO SIBERIANS. ICLXII.

number was^ by &r the greatest portion was in
Mexico and Peru.

Thus it does not seem probable that Ameri-
ca contained any inhabitants from Africa or
Europe.

^ The Esquimaux and Greenlanders are eon-
sidered as Samoyeds, and the Chipewas^ who
fill a vast space extending to the ma Cdum:-
bia^ by their own traditions, are frmn Sibe-
riaV

'' It is imposdble,'' says Pennant, ^ witii the
lights we have, to admit that America could re-
ceive the buSk of its inhabitants from any coun-
try but eastern Asia. A few proofs may be add-
ed of customs common to both.

An image was found among the CalmucSj of
a Tartarian deity, mounted on a horse^ with
human scalps pendant at the breast

Hie Kamtchatkans, when discovered by the
Russians, put their prisoners to death with
Ifaigering torments.

* Pinkerton's Geog. ii. 647, 6*8.

Digitized by

Google

Qh.XII.] RESBMBLANCB TO MALAYS. 461

A race of Scythians fed on human flesh.

In both countries they transform themselyet
by the skins and skulls^ into wild beasts^ for
the purpose of hunting.

The Kamtchatkans foUow one another in
marching, they never walk abreast.

The Tungusi and Americans tattaw them*
adi^s.

Their canoes are made alike.
' They bury their dead in the same manner.

They suspend their dead in trees, in both
countries.

Their persons and features resemble each
other*.

The general resemblance of the natives is to
the Siberians^ and to the Mong(^ in particular.

The invaders of Japan were probably a
mixed army, which may account for some dif-
ference of features and complexions; but still
they are Eastern Asiatics. The Boutacoudos*
exhibited in Londcm, had the features of Ma*
lays. The Mexican who attended Mr. But*

• Encyc Brit " Amprica.**

Digitized by

Google

4et RBMAMABtBfDBMTlFICATION. lCk.XIT.

lock's ex&ibi^n, was like the portrfttts of the
natives of Japan.

From whai appeairs in this Tolume, there is
every probability that the inscriptions throngh-
Ont America, are Mongol or Tartar. There
is one at Narraganset Bay, near Boston, and
the following extract forms a strong presump-
tion that the Mongols conquered up to that
limit

** The portrait painter, Mr. Smibert, who ad-
eompamed Dr. Berkeley, then Dean of Derry,
afterwards Bishop of Cloyne, from Italy to
America, in 1728, was employed by the Grand
Duke of Florence, to paint two or three Sibe^
rian Tartars, presented to the Duke by the
Ciear of Russia. Mr. Smibert on his landing*
at Iforraganset Bay with Dr. Beikeley, instant-
ly recognised the Indians to be the same peo-^
pie as the Siberian Tartars ; whose pictures he
had taken, I shall show that the language of
the Siberian Tartars, and that of the Tungousi,
have an extensive range in North America.*—-
Beiy. Smith Barton, M. 2>. p. xvi. xvii.

The Narragansets were reckoned, in former

Digitized by

Google

ak.XII.2 ARTS DBBiyBD FROM CHINA. 4lOB

times, able to arm for war, mor^ than fire thoi»-
^sand men. The Sachem held dominion 0T6r
divers petty govemors. — Barton, p. xxxvii.

Thus we find everywhere in America, proofir,
traditions, and conjectures that the natives are
descended from the rude Asiatics, north ci
the latitude of China; until the conquest of
Peru and Mexico, at which period China was
governed by those rude Tartars, who had at^
tained to a knowledge of several of the arts
md handicrafit trades of the Celestial Empire,
but not to the literature.

The probability of this being the true solu-
tion of this interesting question is supported
by many eminent authorities, Robertson*, Humr
boldtf , Pennant, Carver, Bartob. Added to
this, any one who casts his eye on the Miqp of
the World, will at once allow the geographical
question to &vour this theory.

To attempt to ascertain; the qpoch when ac-
cidents or emigrations JWst supplied America

♦ VoLi.p.g80.
t Vol, i.. p. 14..

Digitized by

Google

'404 NO EUROPEAN OR AFRICAN ARTS. [Ch^XIL

wHh eaitern AiiaticB^ would be a vtia task.
Any one who is desirous to inquire into this
point, will have no remains of the works (rf
man, no progress in civiliisation, no numbers
of population, or any other fact as fetr as is now
known, to warrant the conclusion of a very an-
cient population.

There were no traces found of European or
African arts, architecture, or people who in*
habit those portions of the globe, except the
Greenlanders, who were from Lapland or Ice-
land.

The fisheries of the Walrus, (named Mam-
moth by the Siberians), at the mouths of th^
Lena, Kovima, Oby, Jenesai, &c. in the Arctic
Sea, have bten known to the Chinese two
thousand three hundred years. The laige
ivory tusks of this animal, (so often mistaken
for those of the elephant), are greatly prized;
as they, for a v6ry long period, retain their
whiteness*.

• See Cuvier, p. 142. Grosicr's China, Vol. L p. 568.
Wan and Sports, Ch. xvL

Digitized by

Google

Ck. Z//.] RIVERS LENA AND KOVIMA, 465

Father Avril, in conversation with Musch-
kin Puschkin Yaivode of Smolensko, a man of
talents^ and who had been a long time intend-
ant of the Chancery of the government of Sibe-
ria, was told that, ''with regard to America,
there was a spacious island near the Kovima
and Lena, very well peopled, and well known
for the banting of the Behetkot (now corrupted
io mammoth), the tusks of which are in great
esteem. The inhabitants go frequently upon
the coasts of the Frozen Sea, to hunt this men*
ster, and carry their families with them: when
it many times happens, that, being surprised
with a thaw, they are carried away, I know
not whither, upon huge pieces of ice that break
off. For my part, added he, I am persuaded
that several of those hunters have been thus
conyeyed to the most northern parts of America;
and what copfirms me in this opinion is, that
the Americans of those parts have the same
physiognomy as those unfortunate islanders,
whom the over eager thirst after gain exposes
to be thus transported*."

• Father AvriVs Travels, p. 176.
HH

Digitized by

Google

406 NARWHAL. MEXICAN ZCHDlAC. lCk.Xii.

Ab this fiskery or huutiiig is cwried on tiie
whole lettgtk o(ih» arctic coMt, the same aoei-
dent may have rappIiedGfeenkiid, at the othef
exttemit7> with some of such uifortunate ad-
yeMurers. The narwhd also abounds and n
pursued by these fld^ennen in tibe same haunts
as tiie walrus; and the rational conjecture of
Muschkin PuschUn is rtmngthened by the
American history. ^ In the description of the
Mexican ZoJUac, we ftid that the CipaetU, a sea
animal^ is one of ihe hieroglyphics^ bearing a
fltroi^ analogy to Capricorn^ wbkh the Hin-
doos and oilier natkms of Asia» call i^ea m&n§ler.
The Mexican sign indicates a fitbukms animal,
a whale with a horn in its forehead. Gomara
ttud Torquemada call it espadarte, a name by
which the Spaniards denote the nmrwhid, the
great tooth of which is known by ihe name <^
the imicom^s bora.

Besides, the idea of tiie sea anxmai, eipac^,
is connected, in the Mexican mythology, witil
the history of a man, who, at tiie epoiA of tiie
destruction of the fourth sun, after having for
a long time swam in ike waiere, saved himself

Digitized by

Google

I

Ch.XII.2 FLOATING ICE. 467

alone^ by reaching the top of the moimtam
Colhaacan. We have observed^ that the Noah
of the Aztecs^ commonly called Coxcox, bears
also the name of Teo-cipactli, fai which the
word divinity^ or divine, is added to that of
dpactli^r

The 'Canadians come under the same de-
scription as the preceding. '' From all the ac-
counts I hare heard and read (says Befll of An*
termony^) of the natives of Canada, there is no
nation in the world which they so much resem-
Me as the Tungnsians, who worship the sun
and moon; bat I have found intelligent peo-
ple among them that believe in a superior being,
who created those bodies and all the woridf .'^
The Wampum of the Canadians is exactly tfie
Quipos of the Peruvians, as described by a
good authority^, llie Quipos have been used
in China and Mexico till the seventh century,
and in Peru long before the arrival of Mango
Capac. See page U6.

• HumboWt, Vol, i. 8S8.
t Journey to Pekm, p. 170.
X Carver's Travels, p. S62.

H H2

Digitized by

Google

468 TARTARS INVADE JAPAN, A. D. 799. [Ch.XlT.

Invasions of Japan, in early ages, may have
V caused the arrival in America, by storms, of
some of the troops.

According to Dr. Thunberg's researches, the
Tartars in 799 overiran part of Japan, when a
violent storm ensued, and the Japanese attack-
ing them, not a single person survived to carry
back the tidings. In like manner they gained
a signal victory over two hundred and forty
thousand fighting men, A. D. 1281*.''

If, to the foregoing reasons for supposing the
population of America to be of Mongol and
Tartar origin, we add the other details con-
tained in this volume, we shall be constrained
to acknowledge, that those who have so learn-
edly, and some so wildly, contended for the
Americans being descended from the Egyptians,
Carthaginians, Welsh, Irish, or Africans, as a
general question, have no chance of probability
being on their side. If stragglers have ever

* Encyc. Brit. " Japan." See, also, Kasmpfer, p.
175. To the storm in 799, we may probably attri-
bute the ruins of Tiahuanaco. See pp. 73, 201.

Digitized by

Google

Ch.Xn.'\ NUMEROUS LANGUAGES, 469

been wrecked from either of those countries,
they would soon lose their original language
and colour bj amalgamating with the general
mass.

The Abbe Glavigero, a man of considerable
learning, who derives the Mexicans and Peru-
vians from the populous north of America^ re-
marks. Vol. ii. p. 200, that '^ Ancient philoso- .
phers were not more divided about the su-
preme good, than the modems about this, than
which no problem in history is more difficult of
solution.'' It is not to be expected that this dis-
sertation can afford a satisfisu^ry solution re«
garding the whole population; but it will per-
haps be found to be a much nearer approxi-
mation to the truth than those which have pre-
ceded it.

With regard to the number of languages in .
America, there are said to be many more than
a thousand. If an Englishman of the present
day is puzzled to understand the English lan-
guage of the fourteenth century, where writ-
ing or printing has always been used, what sta-

Digitized by

Google

470 SIBERIAN WORDS PREVAIL. [OkXH.

Inlity of langaage is to be expected amon^
Ammcans, who have nerer had an alphabet?
^ The languages of Tartar^ are very impeN
fectly known to Europeans; and between Mos*-
cow and Pekin^ more than fifty dialects are
spoken. The Mongols are said first to have
been taught letters by a Thibetiaii in Kubhii%
reign; and he rewarded him with the dignity
of Chief Lama*. As far as researches have been
made regarding the American languages^ they
are in fkvour of the origin now contended for.
Of one hundred and seventy words^ the roots
of which are the same, three^fifths resemble the
Mongol, MottUchu, Tongouie, and Samojfede;
and two-fifths, the Tsckoud, Celtic, Biscayan,
Coptic, and Congof . In this list, one hun-
dred and fifteen words out of one hundred and
seventy are recognized as Siberian. As this
examination of the languages was made between
twi> and three <centuries after the conquest by

. ♦ Sir William Jones, Vol. i. p. 59.
t Humboldt, Vol. i. p. 20.

Digitized by

Google

Ch. XIL^ UNCERTAINTIES. 47 1

the Spaniards^ and the introduction of negroes,
many of the fifty-five roots, not Asiatic, may be
attributed to people who arrived in the new
world after the discovery by Columbus.

TU£ END,

Digitized by

Google

472

ERRATA

Page. Line.

65 22 for Picouca read Piaouca

74 head /or RUIN reoi RUINS

88 head for QUI read OF

ISl 11 for two years after read in the year of

176 5 for Pamapchupan read Puinapchupai)

188 15 for bOlions read thousand

224 5 for preformed read performed

228 8 for statues read statue

262 15 for Sassore read Saussure

841 10 /or extraordinhry rfOD? extraordinary

845 19 for 8098 read SOS

864 19 for inhabithants read inhabitants
422 bottom for Lewis read or Lewis

488 9 for Cockrane read Cochrane

442 6 for Musires read Musiris

Digitized by

Google

LIST

Of

BOOKS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK.

AbUX GHAZI BAHADUR, Khan of Carigme^
descended firom Genghis Khan, and died. A. D.
1663.— History of the Turks, Moguls, and. Tar-
tars, 2 vols. Svo. London, 1780.

Acosta.— Is always quoted from Puichas, which see*

Avril, Father, a Jesuit. — Trarels to discover a new
way by land to China, A. D. 1685, 18mo. London,
1698.

Barton, Benjamin Smith, M. D. — ^New views of the
or^^in of the tribes and nations of America, Svo*
Philadelphia, 1797.

BeU^ John, of Antermony. — Journey from St Peters-
burgh to Pekin, including the Journal of M. de
Lange, Svo. Edinburgh, 1806.

BibKotheque Orientate. — See D'Herbelot

Carli, M. Le Comte I. R. — Let^res Americaines, 2 vols.
8vo. Boston, 1788.

Digitized by

Google

474 LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Carver, J., Eaq.— Traveb in the Intoior of N<Nrdi

America, Svo* London, 1710.
C!happe, D'Auteroche.— Voyage to California, 8vo.

Ixmdon, 1778.
Clavigero, Abb£ Don Francesco Saverio, a native of

Vera Cruz, in Mexico*— History of Mexico, 2 vols.

4to. London, 1787, Second Edition, 1807.
Cuvier, Le Baron. — Ossemens Fossiles, 4to. 5 vols.

Paris.
— ■ ■■ ■ The<»yoftkeEartii, translated by

Professor Jamevm, 8vo« 1813.
De Cruine6«««iiiitoife des Htins, des Turcs, des Moguls,

&c. 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 17116.
D*Hhrb(cto,^-^BibBotheqqe Orientate, avee contmua-

tioB pat M. M. VisdeloR et Qaland, 4 tomes, 44e.

k la Haye, 1777, 1779.
De la Croix, Petas. — History of Genghis Khan the

Great, 8vo. LcMidon, 17^
Dow, Alexander.-^Hiatory of Hindoostan, Swk. 4to.

London, 1770—1772.
Du HalcU.---£«ipiFe of Chuia, Svok. fdio, London,

1738.
Encydopaedia Britannloa, Jd Bdit.
Gibbon, Edward.^Ilonia» Empire, 6 vob. 4tp, ITT6

-^1788.
Gomara. — is always quoted from Pur«has, which see.

Digitized by

Google

' LIST OP BOOKS REPBRRBD TO. ' 47S

i3wder, AVhi.'-'-Oeoerd Description of China, H vols.
Sm. London, 1788.

Haklujrt, R. — ^Voyages, 4to. Loackm, rei L 1598. yoL
iL 1699. vol.iu. 1600. vol. iv. 1601.

Harris, John, D. D. — Voyages and Travels, -9 vdb.
fbfio, 1764.

Herodota8.--*Hi0iory of, by Ae Rever«id Wm. Beloe,
2 vols. 8vo. London, LBia

Humboldt, Alexander de.-^Reseanshea ^oncMiung the
ancient Anericani^ translated by Hekd Maria
Willians, Svols. 8to. London, 1814.

JdGmcm, Thomaa.— Notes on tiie state «f Vlfginia,
avo. jbid Edit Phikddphia, 1794.

Jones, Sir William.— Works, 8 vds. 4to, 1799.

Ksempfiear, Engelb^rtna, If. D.— Histoiy of Japan, foBo,
London, 1727.

Las Casas, Bardurfomew de, IKdiop of Qhiapa, in
Mexico. — Narrative of the Destruction of the In-
dies by die Spaniards. In Pnrehas, voL iv. p. 13S9»

Mandelslo, John AlberL-^In Ambassadors' Travels,
folio, London, 1669*

Maundevile, Sir John, Knt— ^Vdage and Tcavdle ci,
firom the original MS. in the Cotton Hfarary, 8vo.
London, 1727. This author has reported, from
Pimy andodiers, a nnmber of morriy/sf / on wbidi
account he has been totally rejected, as undeserv-
ing of credit, by some compilers: but he m wotti^
of belief on those points which he relates of coun-

Digitized by

Google

476 LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO: •

tries that he vuiitd. It is rfunarkaHe that JIhrcb

Polo is silent respecting the small Chmese feet;

fearing, parhaps, that no one would credit him;

and that we find the following in Maimdevile, who

was m the service of the Ghrand Khan: '^ The

noblesse of that country have long naSs, and their

women have their feet bound so strait that Aey

do not grow half as nature would." p. 377.
Mease, Jamesi M. D. — Greobgical Account' of the

United States, ISmo. Philadelphia^ 1807.
Morse, Jedidiah, D. D. — ^American Qasetteer, Svo.

Boston and London, 1798. For die Geography

of the United States,. Ajrrowsnudi's Large Map of,

1796, has been referred to.
OhwyWia, Juan de la Cnu Canoy. — ^Mapa Oeografico

de America Meridional, Londres, 1799.
Pinkerton, John.— Modern Gteography, S vols* 44o.

1800.
Polo, Marco.'-^-Travels of, translated by Wm. Marsden,

F. R.S. fte. 4to. Loiid<«, 1818.
jPurchas.— His Pilgrims, 5 vols, folio, 1605.
Ranking, ickau — ^Historical Researches on the Wars

and Sports of the Mongols and Romans, 4to.

London, 1806.
Rennell, James, F. R. S« — Memoir of Hindoostan, 4to.

177&
Robertson, Wm. D. D.— Hist, of America, 0 vols. 4to.

1777.

Digitized by

Google

LIST OP BOOKS REFERRED TO. 477

Robertson, Wm. D. D. Disquiidtiononlndiaj 4to. 1791.

Rubruquifly WiUiam. — ^Travdb in Tartary. In Harris's
Voyages, Vol. i. p. 556,

Sherefeddin. — ^Life of Timur Bee, 2 vols. 8vo. London,
1723.

StraUenberg. — History of Siberia, 4to. London, 1738.

Temple, Sir William, Bart. — ^His Works, 4 vols. 8vo.
London, 1757. The quotations in this voL are
all from the chapter on Heroic Virtue, voLiii.
p. 337 to 347. The same chapter is in Harris's
Voyages, vol. ii. p. 1050 to 1053.

Tooke, William, F. R.S.— View of the Russian Em-
pire, 3 vols. 8vo. 1799.

Vega, Garcillasso De la« L'Ynca. — Histoire des Yncas,
Rois du Perou. Traduite de I'Espagnol, par
Jean Beaudoin, 2 vols. ISmo. Amsterdam, 1715.

Vega, Garcillasso De la.— ^Histoire de la Conquete de
la Horide; traduite par P. Richelet, 2 tom. en 1,
1^0. Leide, 1731. Of this author Robertson
says, *^ The last that can be reckoned among the
contemporary historians of the conquest of Peru,
is Garcillasso De la Vega, Inca. For though the
first part of his work, entitled, Commentarios
Reales del Origen de los Incas Beies^ del Peru,
was not published sooner than the year 1609,
seventy-six years after the death of Atahualpa, the
last emperor; yet as he was bom in Peru, and
was the son of an officer of distinction amon^ the

Digitized by

Google

478 LIST OP BOOKS REFEHRED TO.

Spanish eoaqtt^ors, by a CojMi^ a lady of tfie royd
raee, on account of which he always took the name
of Inca: as he was mast^ <^die language spoken
by the Incas, asid acquamted with 4he traditions of
his countrymen ; his authority is rated very high,
asd often ]^aeed above that of aS the other histo-
liims. Itis work, howev^, is little more than a
eommentaiy upon ^ Spanish writers of the Peru-
vian story, and ecnaposed of quotatims taken from
the authors whom I have mentioned. This is the

• idea which he himself gires of it, Bod^L Ch. x.
nor is it hi the account of facts only that he ftd-
lows them servflely. Even in explaining die in-
stitutions and rites of his ancestors, his infbrma-
tion seems not to be more p^ect tiian tiiehs.
His explanation of tibe quipos is almost tiie same
with that of Acosta. He produces no specimen
of Peruvian poetry, but tiiat wretdied one which
he borrows from Bias Yalera, an eioly missionary^
whose memoirB have never been published. As
for eompoention, arrangement, or a capadty of dis-
tinguishing between what is fiibulous, what is pro-
babfe, and what is true, one searches for tiiem in
vain, in ike conunentaries of the Inca. We woik,

' however, notwithstamfing its great defects, is not
altogether destitute of use. Some iradUions which
he received from his countrjrmen are preserved in
it. His knowledge of the Peruvian language haa

Digitized by

Google

LIST OF BOOKS RBFBRRED TO. 479

enabled him to correct some errors of the Spanish
writers, and he has inserted in it some curious
facts taken from other authors whose works were
never published^ and are now lost.* — Robertson,
Vol. ii. p. 459. Vega was bom in 1541, and his
father, bearing die usmp name, was governor of
Cuzco, in 1555. The son was sent to Spain about
the year 1560, but revisited America, and he Uved
to a good age. His writings are excessively
tiresome from their tautology. He embraced the
religion of his father; and happened to arrive in
Europe when the Christians were burning one an-
other alive, in vast numbers, on account of disputed
points in their belief; he therefore writes under
evident terror and cautioii, but is oa the whole a
very valuable author.

Veaaeg^t Migud, a Mexican Jesuit — History of Cali-
fornia, 8vo. 2 vols. London, 1759.

Ulloa, Don Antonio De, and Don George Juan. —
Voyage to South America, 2 vols. 8vo. Dublin,
1758.

Warden, D. B. late Consul for the United States,
at Paris. — Statistical, PoHtical, and Historical
account of the United States of North America,
3 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1819.

Digitized by

Google

Publithed hff Langmanf Ree$^ Orme^ Br&nm, ^ Green.

HISTORICAL RESEARCHES

ON

THE WARS AND SPORTS

or THB

nr WHICH
ELEPHANTS and WILD BEASTS

WEEB EMPLOYED OB SLAIH.

AND THE

REMARK ADLB LOCAL AOREBMENT OF HISTORY WITH THE REMAINS OF
SUCH ANIMALS FOUND IN

EUROPE AND SIBERIA.

I,^ tfOingkit Kkim, kit trnpofmOikd Ctmqmtit.'^lAfi tf tkt Grma Kkm
Kublai: Life qf Tamerlane: their Bat ties; tpUneUd Coarltt and Grand
Hunting Expeditione. — Siberia deteribed in Summer ; Mongol Sovereigns;
Inmuanefrtm China and BangaUa; Battles; Ridk Tombi,^Conqu€9t of
Ruitia by a Orandton cj Oenghit Khan, — FWteries qf the JVabruSf called
Mammoth by Siberians: Errors arising therefrom, — Roman Wars and
SporU with BUphanis and wild beasU, — History of Roman Briiakn, ending
A, D, 427 : York the Head Quarters tfihe Roman Empire for Three Years.
"British Emperors; powerful Fket.-^-Mikws ; Wealth ; Amphitheatres. —
Conquest rf Oaul and Spain bf the BriHih Bmperor Maximiw,

WITH A MAP AND TEN PLATES.

BY JOHN RANKING,

RESIDENT UPWARDS OF TWENTY YEARS IN HINDOOSTAN AND RUSSIA.

LONDON:

W. M'DOWALL, PRINTER, PEMBBRTON ROW,
OOUOU-SUUARE.

Digitized by

Google

SUPPLEMENT

^ogttl0t in tlie xiii iETentuts.

CoT^rming the Origin of the Toltecs and Ouatemalans
from Tula, and the Aztecs from Assam. Also proving
that the Egyptian Sphinxes , 8fc. found in Mexico , are
derived from the Birman Empire.

JPkOM the resemblance of many objects of the arts found
in America to those of the ancient Egyptians*^ the first im-
pression on the mind of any one who has not examined the
history of the ancient Americans would naturally be^ that a
connection had existed between the nations of the New World
and Egypt It, however, admits of satisfactory proof, that
such similitudes have been brought to Mexico and other
places from Tangut and India extra Oangem, the very re-
gions in Asia from which the writer of these notes ventured
(in 1827) a conjecture, was the country of Montezuma's an-
cestors. It is therefore indispensable, in the first place, to
idaitify the Toltecs and Aztecs of America with the people
of those countries, and then to show the existence of Egjrp-
tian sphinxes, &c* in that part of Asia, similar to those found
in America. Without entering into a connected sketch, the
refisrences would be insufficient; therefore, those who have
read former * F^marks** by the writerf, wiU excuse some
repeti*^" "" ^^^^ /

p. 43, and Index to the
:^r M. Louia Chons;
iphie, dans la S^ance^

^tion, for Januaiy and

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

2

In tlie year 544, the Toltecs, being banished from their own
country, Hjm'WCK'4lapaUan, arrive, under seven leaders, in
America.

After many years* wandering, they setded in Anahuac, and
built a city, which they named Tula*, after their natiTe jdace.
(Clavigero, ii. 226). They are the oldest nation of which
there is any knowledge in America. Their monarchy was
founded in 670. Drought and fiunine, in the year 1052,
caused most of die Tolte6s t6 enngrate to Guatemala and
Yucatan. Three of their prinees divided Guatemala between
them. They there found some rude nations. Hunapu, Ae
Aird Emperor of Guatemala, is celebrated for discovering
die use of cocoa and cotton. In 1505, a war was carried on
by Montezuma against Ghiatemala, and some prisoners were
tak^i. The condition of Guatemala on the amvat of' the
Spaniards, and elephants^ remains being found there, near a
stockade defiended by a commander named CaM, (^ flfcigfl
name — ^Timur's^ suooessor was %o caU^)> amount to & strong
proof of some of the Japan expedition having landed bene.
Sinacam, when be approached in his Iktsr, precedied vby trum*
pets and drums, addrassed Alvarado tbe Spaakid as a d^
soeadaiit of the sun: The wbole of the customs of fte'Gm^
temalans areTuridsh and Mogul; and asihe Tolteos arrived
in America in 544, add someofthemixi Ouatemala in 1052,
they were all likely to be much lesi^ advaneed in dvilizatioB
than the Chinese Moguls in- 12B3;^ whidi will account satis-
factorily for the remark of Mens. Franck, diat " En gemrsA
ondistingue bien fieuoo Seoles, delk de Mecpico et edie de
Palenqu^, qui different sensiblemint dans les proportions,
ks caract^es, les costufnek et les> aoctssdiresJ^ — ^p. 14

According to. Dr. Cabrera, Viotan wrote anihistofioal traoi
to prove his^gin, and as a.memorial for ftilure ages. ) He
states ihat he ^conducted 0iff^ ^ ^ Votan

to this continent; '''

♦ Tula 18 a river
panied tli^w Toltef
Lama. (Du Hald^

t Oisabel, the '
^ Irtish; he rtT
ter of the sev€H r

Digitized by

Google

3

By some veryfnrmuOe ducaveriei, the origin of the mys-
terious ToUecs and OtuUomtians ofm^ at last, be placed be-
yond af^ further doubt.

The dynasty of the Western Oaei Tartars began twwty-
three centuries befinre Christ*, and ended A.D. 5S1* In tibe

* In the LUerary Ch^etie, July 16, 1831, in a highly interesting extract
from Sir William Gell*8 " Pompeiana," of which the following ii a lum-
maiy, it is stated, that '' There remain the legs and part of the hody of a
heantiful Ventis, painted in distemper upon the wall; the colouring is
quite that of Titian. On another picture, representing AcBIles restoring
BriMb to the henddi, who were to orndnet her to her ftitfaer. Sir William
Gellsayi, ' This is the most heaistifbl specimen of ancient paintisg which
has been preserved to our times. The siie is iom leet wide by four feet
two inches high. The scene seems to take place in the tent of AchUles,
who sits in the centre. Patrodus, with his hack to the spectator, and with
Siikin cf deeper red, leads in, from the right, the lovely Briseis. AchOles
presents the fidr one to the heralds on the left. The tent seems to bedi-
tided by a bhieish green drapery, breast li%h« BeU&d thk, sinsd tttenil
warriors, the j/olden shidd of one of whom ftims a species ef ghry round
the hoMl of the principal hero.'"

It is rather equivocal whether Patroclus or Briseis be meant as of a
deeper red; but as the Titian-oolouring is of Venus, this note is made
under the presumption that Briseis is meant ; and if so, it is ofhigh import-
ance to history. OgttZ lived several centuries after the Trcjan war. Hie
writer of this conjectured (Joumalof die Rbyal last April, 1838, p. 347)
thai the Trcjans were Turks. The Ottomans caU themselves Ogmlant.
In the reigns of Mungal Chan and Cara Khan, grandfather and father
of Oguz, the whole worid were professing idolatiy (BuddismQ. OgUK
was a great conqueror, and restored the religion of the Sun. ( Abul Ghazi).
Akhar has a glory round his head: also stone sculptures of queens at Ca-
raeorum. (Wan and Sports, p. 189). Briseis was a IVejaa, and the
geldea shield hdd as a glory to tha head of the heia^ it a good pioef that
the Trojans were Turks. Sesostris conquered Colchis, and there are red
prisoners in Belconi's tombs. This would also prove the Toltecs to be
the real red Americans.

Achilles sacrificed, at the burning pile of Patrodus, twelve young Tro-
jans, fbuT of his horses, and two of hii dogs, and similar fbnendi are to
this day found in Madagascar and Assam; aba with the Pemvlatis aad
Heodcaos, in the year 1492. The number nine was saeced ameng the
Mqguk, OgnsMM, Meadcaas, Peruvians^ Greeksy Gavmaas, Gauls, and ea^
pecially the Turks, as remarked by Shara Sudin, *' becauee Ood made use ef
U at the creation,** Why nine t The disproportionate distance of Jupiter
from Mars induced the remark (I think by Mr. HorroxX that there
ought to be a planet between them ; and four small ones, like fhigmenti,
have been discovered. Has an eighth visible planet, with the son, been
the cause of the allusion?

B 2

Digitized by

Google

lost twenty-three yean there were four emperors, one. of whom
was poMoned and two were murderecL (D'Herbdot,iv.71).

Ilie Ouie Oriental Tartar dynasty constated bnt of one
monspch^ who reigned from A. D. BQ^ to 550— seventeen
years^ under four tides, Ae last of wfaidi was V oatim (DUer-
belot^ iv. 71^ who spells Mongols and Pekin, Moumgols, Pe-
kim; we may therefore suppose this to be FoutinJ, who
was poisoned by Kaoyam. Here are good reasons for flight
and emigration; and the leader of the Toltecs was probably
this Oriental Votan's son or relation*

'^ Thisdynasty took the name of Ouie, becai^e thqr were
descended, on the female side, from the Chinese dynasty
Ooei-yuen-ti; and the Chinese, to distinguidi the Tartars,
call them Hbou-ouei, or second Oueis, but they call them-
selves Yuen-ouie, or Great Oueis, and also Ta-sien-pi, to dis-
tinguidi themselves irom the Sien-pi of Leaotoum. The Chi-
nese name this nation So-leon (daves), and {dace them 2000
leagues from China. Theyhave not the use of letters, have
no profession but arms and hunting, and following their flocks.
Their contracts are simple marks cut upon wood. They call
the earth To, and Po signifies king, and their royal family
take the name of To-po. Their sixty-seventh emperor, Mao,
reigned over thirty-six kingdoms. From the twenty-fourth
century before Christ, these Tartars, under the names Hieny-
un, Chan-youm, &c., have exercised extreme cruelties over
China.'' (D'Herbelot, iv. 66). This can mean no other than
0gU2 Khan's race ; for we cannot suppose any accuracy in the
2000 leagues; and moreover, the Emperor Syang Vang mar-
ried the Tartar chieTs danger B. C. 657 years, which was
near the period of Ogus.

With respect to the hi^ shape of the heads of the Ouate-
malans, they can be accounted for by Asiatic history. The
celebrated Helen, in allusion to the fable of ttie egg, is re-
presented by Canova with just sudi a shaped head; that fa^
ble may have given rise to a/oiAum among the Turks. This
conjecture is much strengthened by the custom at Constan-
tinople, of the midwives inquiring of the mother, after par-
turition^ ^' what form she wishes to be giv^ to the head of the
child." (Rees* Cyc. " Cranium"). Oguz the Turk conquer-
ed Armenia, and India extra Gangem. Some natives of In-

Digitized by

Google

dia^ near Ava, ar&deioribed in the Periplus^ (Sequel by Vin«
cent^ p. 115)^ with " headSy long from the forehead to the
ehiny€Pulprofe(^inglikethefaceofahorse.^^ This describes
the Guatemalan head. The capital of Oguz was between the
sources of the Tobol and Ishtm, (lat. 52)^ where there are
'' great numbers of images cut in stone^ of men and beasts^
and the ruins of several cities/' (Strahlenberg^ p. 4). At the
time of Ogus, the Turks drove the Cimmerians from th^ir
territories^ bordering on the Paltts M^eotis, into Upper Asia,
(Rees' Cyc. '^ Turf) Hippoerales states, that no other peo^
pie have the cranium of such a form as the Macrocephali,
(l(mg heads), a nation situated near the Euxine sea. It was
the great object of Iheir ambition to have the head as long
as possible; hence arose the practice of moulding with their
hands the tender head of their children, which was com-
pressed with appropriate bandages and instruments, to pre-
vent its growth exc^t in the desired direction. (Rees' Cyc
^' Cranium '')• The Cappadodans, joining Armenia, were
Macrocephali. (Ainsworth, ^^Macr.", from Valerius Flaccus,
5.) The Turks having conquered Siberia in the sixth cen-
tury, from which time till Gen^s Khan's victory over the
Keraits (Turks) in 1202, the whole period is comprised dur-
ing which Tokecs emigrated to Ammca, viz. from 544 to
the beginning of the thirteenth century. Thus, near thePalus
M«otis,'Cappadocia and India extra Gangem were all con-
quered by Oguz, and the long-heads are found in each coun-
try. The Turks possessed Siberia from the fifth to the thir-
teenth century. They are &e Heou-ouei Tartars, and the
Toltecs related that the coimtry they came from was Hue-
hue-tlapallan. They therefore can be no other than Oguzian
Turks, or the Macrocephali of Asia*.

Some particulars may be wordiy of notice with regard to
theatale of different religions, at the periods of the emigra-
tions from Asia,

The first Christians arrived in China A. D. 686t, tbere-
Sofe the cross in Doctor Cabrera's plates, mi^t have its ori-
gin from that event, as well as from the wars of the Turks
and Huns against the Christians at Constantinople. Maho-

* The Spaniards issued a decree, in 1585, forbidding the Indians from
deforming the skulls of their children,
t Du Halde.

Digitized by

Google

6

met was bom in 569^ some of Genghis^s diildren were Ma-
hometans, but no Mogul people had then embraced that re*
ligioD. ^' The Grete Chan Mango was a gode Crislene
man.'* (Sir J. Maundevile, p. 276). Many nobles and all
Mango's housdiold, were baptized at the same time by an
Annenian bidiop. (Pnrdias, y. 406). ^^ The Incas had at
Cuzco, a cross of crystalline jasper; it was three-finu^ of an
ell in kngth, and three fingers in width and thickness, all of
one piece and^ctiemely bright and polished. It was kqpt in
one of the royal houses, and in an apartment called kuaca, or
sacred. Although they did not adore it, they held it in v&rj
great veneration. It was kept in that place till Francisco Pi-
sarro arrived at Tompea, where, on a memorable circum*
stance whidi befisl Pedro de Candia, they began to adore it
and hold it in increased veneration. The Spaniards built a
great church -at Cusco, and placed this cross in the sacristy,
where I saw it in 1560, hanging upon a nail by a black vel-
vet band : the gold or silver buckle which it appeared to have
had formerly was changed for one of silk. The Spaniards
endeavoured to avail themsdves of this cross to convert the
Indians.*' (Oarcillasso de la Vega, b. ii. ch. 3).

In Baron de Humboldt's ^' Researches on the Ancient Ame-
ricans," voL iL there are engravings of two granite vases found
on the coast of Honduras. Theyhave been supposed by some
to be Spanish; but the Baron conjectures them to be Toltec
In Grosier's H. of China, Vol. ii. p. 500, there is an ^igrav-
ing of a vase of a similar shape and feet, which is named
^' 7%ng, or a vase for sacrifices*." There is therefore every
probability that diose found in Honduras were for the same
use, and, as the handle has the head of a tortoise, which is
sacred with the Moguls, that they were introduced by those
in the expedition under Mango in 1283. The vases are ele-
gantly omam^ited like the rains at Mitla, which was a sacred
burial place in a granitic country* Baron Humboldt sajrs,
it is scarcely probable that the ruins in these parts go farther
back than the thirteenth or fourteenth century of our era.

* It is highly probable that they are centers for the burning of Jagnnm
aloes, their favourite incense. Hie King of Ziamba paid tribute annual-
ly of twenty large elephants, and a very large quantity of Lignom aloes.
(Marsden's M. Polo, p. 585).

Digitized by

Google

This is no ddubt the truth, Mil being the name of a Tol-
tec king who died A. D. 979. (Clavigero, i. 85).

The arms of the Moguls are Sol in Leo, and their festi*
val in Asia urns held in June. It was also held at Cuflco,
South lat 13^ 2S, in the same month, by the first eight In-
cas, but Pacha Cutec (the IXth), sumamed the Rrformer of
T^me, altered the date to the first of January; according to
a tradition preserved at Cubco that the first day of the year
corresponded with that (Humboldt, 1. 288, from Acosta,
p. 260),

In 1170, a vast number of Chichemecas arrired in Anar
huac They came from the same place as the former tribes,
and spoke the Toltec language. The country they came from
they named Amaquemaoan*.

In 1178, seven tribes arrived, among whom were some
Aztecs, from AanLiM^ The whole spoke the Toltec luguage*

In the beginning of the thirteenth century, three princes
of the noble house of Citin arrived with a great army of
Acolhuans. They came fifom nearly the same country as the
Chichemecas*

In 1325, TenochtiUan, afterwards named Mexico, was
founded by ten chi^ who advanced from the guff of Califi^r-
nia (where they had lived many years), with numerous troops.
Ambassadors on elephants^ had been sentf. Tenuch, the
first king, was elected in 1377, and Montexuma (the ninth
king), died in June, 1520. He told Cortes that his ances-
tors had arrived in shipsX by chance^ not many years since.
Gtenghis Khan, the first Oreat Mogul, was bom near Nert-
shinsk in Siberia, A. D. 1 154. Caracorum was then the ca-
pital o{ the Keraits (Turks)§. Omi^ was the Grand Khan.

* Any one who resides in Ava or Assam ma> possibly ascertaui this
place : it is probably an extensive region.

f Oal^e agr^able dn Monde. (See Qavigero, ToL I. p. xzviiL) One
ef Hie gigantio skeletons was foand upon a Un not fiur ftom Kada Kaa-
MaB» in Oalilbnua. (Qavigero^ ToL L p. 84).

I Grotius relates that wredu of Chinese ships were found upon the
slK>res by die first Spaniards who arrived in the Padfio from the Straits of
Magellan. (Yates and Moulton, New Yotk^ p. 68).

§ " Let N^imatu, Ui Keraits, he Um^tOe^ mmt de rmee IWfM." (De
Ouignes, iv. 3, and Indeix). Ungut is distti^;uished for the beauty of its
inhsbitants.

b3

Digitized by

Google

8

Gtenghis married Oungh's daughter hi 1175. At length, he
quarrelled with his father-in-law^ and^ after a terrible conflict,
became Grand Khan of Caracorum, with its treasures, and
of all the Mogul nations. A, D. 1205. In 1213, he conquer-
ed Cathay (North China), and all Corea. Persia, Carisme,
Touran, Turquestan, Siberia^ &c., were all reduced. Geng-
his died in 12S6, after having fought a battle with Sdii-
dascon, king of Tangut, in which he slew 300,000 of his
troops, and, by a horrible murder of that king, added all
Tangut to the Mogul empire. Mango entirely desolated and
conquered Thibet. Kublai was now Grand Khan, he resid-
ed in China, (wholly reduced in 1280), first in Slum-si, and
afterwards at Pekin. In 1272 Kublai's troops conquered
the kingdoms of Mien (Ava), Bangalla*, and Pegu. Suma-
tra was partly, if not wholly, reduced. Such was the extent
of his conquests and tributes, that, " in September, 1286, the
mandarins of Fokien reported the arrival at Twen-chu-fti, of
ships from ninety-nine foreign kingdoms. Malacca, Suma-
tra, Pen-ko-la (Bangalla), from Cape Comorin to the Per-
sian gulf, Ceylon, Tingor, Sanem-Soumenat, &c." (Modem
Univ. Hist Vol ii. p. 387).

Mangalu, Kublai's son, resided at Singanf, cajntal of Shen-
si, in a splendid palace which stood in a park five miles
round, enclosed by a high wall with battlements, and contain-
ing all kinds of beasts and birds for sport Sechuen and
Thibet were under this prince.

Timur Khan, afterwards emperor, was viceroy of Yun-
nan. He resided at Tali, N. E. of the city of Ava, in Lat
25<>4tf.

The expedition to conquer Japan consisted, according to
the annals of that empire, of 4000 ships, and 240,000 men,
only three of whom returned to China!

From what follows, in addition to what has been publish-
ed, the reader will easily be convinced that the Mexicans
and Peruvians are Asiatic; and that many of them are from

* Hub is Eastern Bengal; there were, then, two Bengals. Wart &
Sports, ch. viL

t Singan was the capital of China 1100 yean hefbre the Christian era.
The Emperor of China, mounted on a white elephant, was captured in
Persia by the hero Rustoom. (Sir John Malcokn, I. pp. 46, 124).

Digitized by

Google

9

the countries called Tangut and India extra Gangem, im-
mense regions and rivers^ less known than most parts of
America, notwithstanding their vicinity to the British pos-
sessions. They reach fron^ lat 17* to 40*, and have been
often under one monarch, is in the thirteenth century under
the Moguls. '^ The king of Burmah is said to possess not
only the country of Meckley, and Pegu, but also the whole
track on the north, between China, Thibet, and Assam*.'*

The writer is not aware to what latitude the British
troops invaded Asam recently. In 1638, the Tartars of
Asam invaded Bengal in armed boats, beyond Dacca; 4000
were killed, and 500 armed vessels were captured: and,
in 1665, Aurungzebe's general, Jumla, invaded Asam,
from Dacca; he embarked his army and moved up the
Berhampooter; he defeated the king in the mountains, and
besieged him in his capital of Kirganu (Ghergong). The
king fled to the mountains of Lassa, and the wealth of the city
fell to the general ; he burnt and sacked Asam to the 35th de-
greef, he besieged and took the city of Azoo, where are the
tombs of the kings and all the royal family for many ages;
he plundered the tombs of immense riches in gold and
silver. ^' The kingdom of Asam is one of the best countries
in Asia, it produces abundant subsistence, mines of gold,
silver, steel, lead, iron, and store of silk; they preserve their
gold in ingots {, which pass in trade, but coin their silver.
Dog's flesh is esteemed so great a delicacy that it is sold in
every city of the kingdom on market days § ; they have good
grapes, but no salt, except what they extract from vegetable •
substances; the king keeps his court at Kenneroof, twenty-
five or thirty days' journey from the old capital of the same
name; he requires no subsidies^ the mines are his own and
are worked by slaves, so that the natives live at their ease;

* Manden's Marco Polo, note 873. Assam is also spelt Asam, by Sir
W. Jones and others.

f Meer Jmnla wrote to Anrangzebe, that he had opened a passage
winch might lead his anny to the borders of China. (Dow).

X Mango Capao sought the site of his ifarst residence with a rod o£
gold. (Vega).

I Can some natives of tlie Somh Seaialaiids have derived their love of
dogs, as food, from this quarter^

b5

Digitized by

Google

10

every one has a house to himself, and in the middle of the
ground a fountain encompassed with trees; and commonly
every one an elephant* to carry their wives, of which they
have fi]^r: the men and women are generally well onnplex-
ioned ; the southerly are more swarthy and not so well fea-
tured, and the women somewhat flat nosed. They wear a
bonnet hung about with swines' teetti, and go neariy
naked; they pierce holes in tbeir ears that you may thrust
your thumb in, in which they hang pieces of gold and silver;
they wear bracelets of tortoise and sea shelb, which they
saw into cinoles; they bury the bracelets of their arms and
legs with the corpse <^ their friends t.** Tavemier, b« iiL
Part H. ** A body guard of six thousand men, well armed
and of undiaken courage^ always keep watch near the Ra-
ja's apartmeotf. If one of that race encounters two men of
anoAier nation, on foot, be would defeat them." (Moham-
med Canm, in Sir Wm. Jones's Supp. L 835).
. Ilie character of the Asiatics of these parts is similar to
that of the American Indians.

'' The Binaans," says Cdonei Symes, '^ in some points
of their disposition, diq>lay the ferocify of barbarians, and,
jm others, all the humanity and tenderness of polished life.
They inflict the most savage vengeenoe on their enemies;
as invaders, they spare peither sex nor age> desolation
marks their track; at home they manifest benevolence and
filial piety.

Vtt-ti, who built the Chinese wall, oonquwed Pegu,
Siam, Cambodia^ and eastern Bengal, and divided those
countries among the Chinese g^ierals who had conquered
them. (Du Halde, i. 30, 173, 177; ii. 335).

* Fiye or six hundred elephanti may be caught in a year. (Moham-
med Casim). In Sir W. Jones's Suppl. Vol. i, there ii a portodt o£ s
Oarrow man in hit war drets: hit black cdour, person, costume, and
shield, vnfurem^ l&e the Indians in the forests of New Granada.

f Several of the above descriptions i^ly to the South Sea idanden.
Cadoo, the intdligent nadve of &e CardiBS Iskad, who aocomfienled
Monsieur Chorb, was prohaMy a Mogul of some oonsequenoe. Kiddafs
rri^dUousrelitioii in Sftem was named Csidoi^ (See Vojage Pittansqae,
in which many of the natives are tattoed). The Birmans tattoo their
thif^ and arms into vanou* fittiiastie tfispes md fignta, which they be-
lieve operate as a charm against the weapoaa of dmr entmlei. (SyoMs^
iL347).

Digitized by

Google

11

Ava (spelt also Afbr, Aufr^ Aufer) was^ almost without
doubty the Ophhr of Solomon*; no other country produced
such profusion of, and not all, flie objects which were im-
ported by king David and his son — gold, silver, ivory, pea-
cocks, ebony, precious stones, spices, almug trees. Bon-
femis relates that the Peguans are descendants of Solo-
mon*s people. Ava and Pegu are, in Ptolemy's map, nam-
ed Argentea Regio, and Aurea Regio. Josephus says^
that Saphira, whence Solomon had his gold, " was a coun-
try of India, not an island, and is now called Aurea.^
(Phil. Tr. 1767, Ivii. 135). The city of Pegu was anciently
Sahara Civitas, (the b and v are often confounded).

H. H. Brackenridge, in his letter to Mr. Jefferson, in (he
Transactions of the Am. Phil. Soc. 1818, relates the very
numerous pallisadoed towns and villages, and also the great
number of barrows that are found in America. With regard
to the first, many such fortifications might be erected by fhd
same army, or hunting tribe, for defence. And with regard
to the latter, we may judge from the battle fought by Tamer-
lane, on the banks of the Terek, between Kislar and Moz-
dok, what a great number of tumuli was produced by a
single conflict. The number was immense, and visible as
far as the eye could reach, of different sizes, some about
twenty-five feet high. (Wars and Sports, p. 223).

In India extra Gangem, for a length of time which cannot
be known, stockades were in use; and an intelligent oflScer
of the Bengal army, on an expedition to Arracan in 1794,
described to the writer the surprising celerity with which
they are constructed in woody districts: — while a proportion
of the army dig the trenches, the remainder ent down, dock,
lop, and point young trees, eaeh man one, and they are in*
stantly planted and driven into the trenches.

That the Americans are Asiatics cannot admit of doubt.
The following comparisons (which, for facility of reference,
are placed in ojqposite pages,) prove many of them to be from
India extra Gangem, and Tangnt.

* Tbb IB proved at length in the Journal of the Royal Inst, for July,

1828.

Digitized by

Google

12

AMBRICAN HISTORY.

. I. Bfotenima^ (PutcIim), to which nn was added^ (Gro-
mara, in Purchas, iii. 1 126), was a priest

II* The number of priests in the great Temple in Mexico
was five thousand. (Clavigero, i. 270).

m. Montesuma was tawney, ^as all the Indians are, he
had long hair on his head; and six little hairs upon him as
though they were put in with a bodkin, his thin beard was
black. (Gomara, in Purchas, iii. 1 126). The Indians pluck
out their beards with a kind of tweeiers, made of brass wire.
(Mr. Jeflferson's Notes, 270). '* When Montesuma ap-
proached, three nobles preceded, each holding up in his
hand a golden rod. He was in a litter covered vridi plates
of gold, which four nobles bore upon their shoulders; and
shaded by a parasol of green feathers and gold embroidery.
His mantle was adorned with golden jewels, and precious
stones; on his head was a thin crown of gold, and upon his
feet shoes of gold tied with strings of leather worked with
gold and gems. He was accompanied by two hundred
lords, richly dressed, barefoot, two by two.** (Clavigero, iL
64). *^ The manner of salutation is to touch the earth with
the right hand, and to kiss that part of it wherewith they
touch the earth, in token of reverence. The brother of the
king, and the lord of Iztapalapa, taking Montezuma, drew
him by the arms, so to reverence him, that he might seem
to be upheld and supported by the strength of the nobility."
(Peter Martyr, Decade v. di. 3, in Hakluyt, iv. 557).

IV. Montezuma*s palace was so large that the Spaniards
and their allies, in all about seven thousand, were accom-
modated in it. The walls had rich hangings of cotton. '* At
dinner Mutezuma was seated behind a wooden trelUs work,
and served by the Lord Steward, barefoot, and in profound
silence.'* (Gomara in Purchas, iii. 1126). "When the
king of Acolhuacan prayed to the Creator, at certain hours,
men struck plates of fine metal. — When Montezuma dined,
there was music of kettle drums, snail shelU, flutes, fiddles,
and other strange instrum^ts.*' Clavigero. Cymbals were
much used by the Incas; Vega uames them atabals.

Digitized by

Google

13

ASIATIC mSfORY.

I. Moil was Emperor ofChina A.D.910. (Du Hatde).
Tsoiim means venerable. (D'Herbe)ot^ iv. 349). Zin means
great (Gibbon, vi, 290). The Chinese name of Mango,
Koblai's brother, and supposed uncle of Mango Capac, was
Hien-Tsoum. (D'Herbelot, iv. 278, Canon Chronologique).
The proper name of the Delta Lama, in 1696, was Mo-tfem-
na-ria. ^^'Herbelot, iv. 316).

II. Seven hundred priests were attached to the Lama's per-
son for daily offices. (Turner's Journey to Thibet, Sir W.
Jones, Sup. Vol. I.)

' IIL The Bramas (Burmans), in Pegu, wear no beards;
they pull out the hairs with little pincers made for that pur-
pose. Some of them will let sixteen or twenty hairs grow
together upon his face. (Fitch, m Hakluyt, ii. 262). The boys
in Sumatra rub their chins with a chunam (quick lime), which
destroys the roots. If any remain, they are plucked out with
tweezers. " The Engy Teekien, heir-apparent to the throne
of Ava, was preceded by a body-guard of four or five hun-
dred men in uniform, in regular files, with muskets, twenty
or thirty men holding long gilded wands, eighteen officers
with gilded helmets, civil officers in robes and caps of state,
then the prince, in a very rich palanquin, without any canopy,
screened from the sun by a laige gilded fan, supported by a
nobleman on each side, and six Cassay astrologers of the
Braminical sect, in white gowns and white caps studded with
stars of gold. Close behind, his servants carried his water
flaggon and gold beetle box. The display was solemn, and
dignified, and orderly." (Symes, iii. 40). Whoever has ob-
tained admission to the royal presence is said to have been
at the golden feet. (Symes, ii. 226). The procession of the
King would probably be more similar to that of Montezuma.
The writer has seen the Nabob of Dacca led by the arms
precisely as Montezuma. The touching the ground is well
known in India, exactly as Peter Martyr describes.

IV. The public saloon of the Raja of Assam is 150 cubits
long, and 40 broad, supported by 66 wooden pillars. His
seat is adorned taith kUtice woOd and carving; within and
without are polished plates of brass, which reflect the sun

Digitized by

Google

14

AlfBUOi^ HIBTORY.

V* A skeleton of an elephant was fonnd in a tomb in the
city of MeisucOy (founded in 1824); and in tombs which ap-
pear evidently to have been made on purpose. (Clavig^o^
i 84; Vega, ii. 394). '^ A kingof Mexico was buried witii
grei|tpomp. They killed his chaplain to serve him m ibe
next w<Nrld,and some of bis wives; the number of victims some
times amounted to two hundred:" (Clavigero, b. vi.) They
bury with the decased Inoa aU his vessds of gold and silver,
his clothes, jewels, and furniture* The domestics and wo-
men most attached were buried alive. It often happened
that so many oflered themselves by voluntary immolation,
that their superiors were obliged to Umit the number. (Vega,
b. vi. ch. iv. V.) In a tomb of a Peruvian prince, massive
gold, value five millions of francs, was found. (Humboldt,
i. 92).

VL The Americau Indians suspended themselves by the
arms, legs, or sides, to show their devotion. A boy drew
two buffaloes' heads a few hundred yards by cords fised in
the fleshy parts of his sides. (Brackenridge, Missouri, 160).
The slippers (described by Peter Martyr, Decade iv. di. 9),
sewed with gold thread, are exactly such as are made at
Dacca.

VII. The festivals of the Sun, performed by the Incas at
Cuzoo, were named Raymi and Citoa. (Vega, 1. vL ch. xx.)

VIII. There are gypsies in Pemambuco. They lead a
vagabond life, buy and sell horses, and gold and alver
trinkets; and have no regard to religion. (Southey^s Brazil,
ill. 787).

Digitized by

Google

15

ASIATIC HMTORV.

like mirrors. Three thousand carpenters and twelve thou-
sand labourers constructed it in two years. When the Ra-
ja sits in this chamber^ tfa^ beat the dhol, a drum beaten at
each end^ and the dand, a kind of kettle-drum. The B^yas
of this country have always displayed ostentation and vain
glory; they have a numerous train at attendants and servants.
(Sir W. Jones^ Sup. i. 236). In Thibet they use the gdng,
cymbal, drum, hautbois, trumpet, and sea shells, at their de-
votions* (Turner).

V. ''When a Raja or magistrate dies, they bury him in a
large cave, in which they inter his women, attendants, mag-
nificent equipage, and furniture, such as elephants, gold and
silver, fans, carpets, clothes, oil, and a torch-bearer. They
construct a strong roof over the cave, upon thick timbers.
The value of 90,000 rupees was found in an old cave." (Desc.
of Asam, Sir Wm. Jones, Sup. i. 235). Some of the tombs
of the grandees in Thibet are pyramidal and very high; great
quantities of gold are buried with their corpses. (Sir Wm.
Jones, Sup. i. 31 !)• Elephants have been found in tombs in
Siberia. 0BellofAntennony,8vo,154; Coxe,iii.l70). "The
gold plates, chess men and boards, and other riches found in
the tombs in Siberia, are almost beyond belief." (Wars and
Sports of the Mongols and Romans, ch. v.) The Grand
Khan Mango was buried with his horses, and more than ten
thousand attendants. (See Marco Polo, b. i. ch. xliv. ; Petis
de la Croix, p. 382; Barrow^s Travels in China^ p. 483).

y I. The writer of these notes resided at Dacca, in Ext-
ern Bengal, many years. He one day found his torch-bearer
suspended by a thick hook through the flesh of his back.
He has seen Hindoos of the shoemaker caste run along, with
a tightly stretched cord fastened to posts, inserted in the flesh
of each side.

VII. " The plot of the drama performed this evaiing was
from the sacred text of the Ramayan. It represented the
battles of the holy Ram and the impious Rahwaan, to revenge
the rape of Seeta, the wife of Ram, whom he forcibly car-
ried away, and bound under the spells of enchantment."
(Symes's Emb. to Ava, 8vo« ii. 43).

VIII. The gypsies in Europe are, undoubtedly, outcast Hin-

Digitized by

Google

16

AMBftlCAM HISTORY.

IX. The Aymores or Botoeudos are found by the river
Sertam, near Minas Geraes. (Southey, iiL 600).

X. The Tapuyas ate their own dead^ as the last demon-
stration of their love. (Southey, ii. 379).

XI. The Caribs pluck out their beards with pincers, bore
thejr ears and nostrils, and deck them with jewels of gold.
They chew leaves and nuts in either cheek all day. Tliey
make lime of shells and mix it with leaves, whidi they put
up dose in mounds in baskets, and sell for jewels and maiie.
They chew fresh leaves every hour. (Peter Martyr, who
died in 1525^ Decade, viii. ch.vi.) In Olmedilla's great
map of South America, there are Caribes marked in South
lat. 27^ aa, and Mongolas, in South Lat. 24^ 4(f. The
Araucans of Chili, in person, courage, arms, and military
music, are Mongols. (See Choris's folio. Vega, Vol. ii. 229).
'' The Araucans have a. year (Sipantu), which exhibits a
greater analogy with the Egyptian year than that of the
Aztecs. Three hundred and sixty days are divided into
twelve months, to which are added five complementary days
at the winter solstice. It is possible that they have received
this division from Eastern Asia." (Humboldt, ii. 234).

XII. At the small town of Cowe ("the capital of the
Cherokee Indians, on both sides of the Tenessee, by the
Jore mountains," Morse), at the close of evenings I accom-
panied Mr. Galahan to the Rotunda, where there was a
grand festival, to rehearse the ball-play dance, this town
being challenged to play against anotfier the next day. The
people being seated in order, and also the musicians, an
aged chief makes a long oration in commendation of the
manly exercise of the ball-play, recounting the victories the
town of Cowe had gained over the other towns; not for-
getting to recite his own exploits and those of other aged
men present. The musicians then began, both vocal and
instrumental, when a company of girls, hand in hand, dress-
ed in clean white robes, ornamented with beads, bracelets,
and gay ribbands, entering the door, began to sing their
responses in a low sweet voice, and formed themselves in
a semicircular line in two ranks, back to back, facmg the

Digitized by

Google

IT

ASIATIC HIBTCMIY.

doos; their language is Sanscrit^ scarce dianged in a single
letter. (Sir Wm. Jones, i. 1 19), An immense number of pri-
soners were taken to Samarcaad from India, by Timur, in
1399. Many gypsies are now in Persia. and Russia. (Wars
and Sports, ch. iv.)

IX. A man and woman of the Botocudos were exhibited
in Bond Street; their persons were completely Malay.

X. The Battas of Sumatra consider the practice of eating
their own relations as a pious ceremony. Herodotus (b. iii.
99) alludes to them, as having that custom, according to Dr.
Ley den, (Rees* Cyc. " Sumatra"), and the same still exists.

XI. The use of the word maund is very remarkable, as the
first ship from England to India was the Here Admiraly in
1 59 1 • All these customs of the Caribs are precisely Asiatic.
They are Calmuks ^' qui ont une grande affinity avec les
Mongols par leur langtie, leurs Moeurs, et leur figufe^^
(Voyage de Pallas, i. 485). Their country is north of Ava,
in lat 45 deg. by Du Halde's map.

XII. This description of a Nautch in America in the year
1773, it is surprising, has never attracted notice, as far as is
known to the writer. Any one who had seen that kind of
dance in India, had he been present at a Cherokee entertain-
ment, must at once have pronoimced the Americans to be of
East Indian origin. With the exception of the men who are
engaged for the ball game, it is an exact description of the
nautches at Dacca! The northern half of the province of
Dacca is named Dacca Momensing: and there are grasing
pastures in Pensylvania called Moyomensing. (Bartram,
188). Were this a solitary instance, it certainly would not
be worthy of notice; but the first Toltecs having named
their new city Tula, after their native country (a beautiful re-
gion near Lake Baikal), it may have been often done. Thus
the river Chenessee, which runs into Lake Ontario, has falls
of 40 feet, 75, and 96 feet The Jenesei (signifies rocky ri-
ver), where there are waterfalls, and having a rapid cur-
rent" (Strahlenberg, Hist of Siberia, p. 385). The Tun-
gusis inhabit these parts; and the Canadian Indian^ are ex-
actly the same in person and customs, says Bell of Antermo-

Digitized by

Google

18

AiiERICAN HISTORY.

musiciuis, and moying slowly round and round; after a
quarter of an hour^ a shrill whoop was uttered by a com-
pany of young fellows, who eaine in briskly with rackets or
hurls in one hand. They w«re well dressed^ with silvo-
bracelets, gorgets^ and whampum, neatly ornamented with
mocassins and high plumes in their diadems. They then
formed themsdves in a semicircular rank in front of the
girls^ who formed a single opposite rank; the step or mo-
tion began at one end of the semicircle, gently rising up and
down upon their toes and heels alternately; when the first
was on tip-toe, the next began to raise the heel, and by the
time the first rested agam upon the heel, the second was on
tip-toe, thus, from one end of the rank to the other, so that
some were always up and some down alternately, without
the least confusion; they then moved on sideways, so that
the circle formed a complex or double motion in its pro-
gression, and at stated times exhibited a grand or universal
movement instantly, by each rank turning to right and left,
taking each other^s places with inconceivable address, ac-
companied with an elevation of the voice and short shrill
whoc^. All their dances or musical entertainments, seem
to be theatrical, varied with eomic and lascivious interludes;
ihe women, however, conduct themselves with a becoming
grace and dignity, insomud), that, in amorous intorludes,
when their responses and gestures seem consenting to natu«
ral liberties, th^ veil themselves; just discovermg a gknce
of their sparkling eyes and blushing feces, expressive of sen-
sibility. Bartram's Travels in Carolina, Georgia, and Flo-
rida, in 1773, p. 367.

XIIL The ball-play is esteemed the most noble and
manly exercise, it is exhibited in an extensive plain; the
inhabitants of one town are challenged to play against those
of another; when the youth of both sexes sometimes stake
their all. The game consists in taking and carrying off the
ball from the opponents, after being hurled into the air,
midway between two high goals or pillars, and the party
who bears off the ball to their goal, wins the game. Each
person has a racket or hurl, somewhat resembling a ladle

Digitized by

Google

19

ASIATIC UISTOEY*

ny. When the Toltecs fled from Tula in Anahuac, in 1052^
they named the extreme land Tukatan/ and when tfaey aban-
doned Asia in the sixth century, VukuUk was conquered by
the Turks and was named Northern Turquestan.

XnL '^ Those who consult only appearances consider the
game of Chotcgan only a diversion, but the wise regard it
as the touchstone of a man's strength and courage, and es-
teem it an excellent method of training for action both the
man and his horse. When his Majesty (Akbar) enters the
lists, he pitches on a fit person to be his adversary; and ten
others are selected, and then cUvided into pairs by the cast
of the die: each couple play together twenty-five minutes.
This game is played after several ways. First, one of the
party places his ball in the hollow of his bat, and trundles
it gently towards the cW, or pit. This manner of ejecting
the ball is called in the Hindoi^ee language rotoL Then the
adversary with great skill catches up the ball in his bat, and
flings it forcibly away before the other can come up vnth
him. This is called beyleh. It is performed either by throw-
ing the ball to the right or left, and the other frequently
snatches it from between his horse's legs or under his belly;
and sometimes when It comes in front he catches It upon the
spike of his bat His Majesty performs all these feats with
great address, frequently catching the ball in the air. When
the ball is flung by one of the players into the pit, a kettle-
drum is beaten to announce (be game as won. The players
lay bets on the game. When any one is going to catch the
ball on the spike of his bat, (which is called a forced gaine),
all crowd round and strive who shall carry it off; when as-
tonishing feats of dexterity are eriiibited. His M^esty is
so dexterous that he will catch the ball upon the SfHke in a
dark night, for then they use balls of palass, which wood
bums a considerable time and is not heavy. Hie ends of
the bats are ornamented with rings of gold and silver, and
when they break ofl" whoever can catch them has ttiem***
(Ayeen Akbery, vol. i. p. 249).

Digitized by

Google

20

AMBRICAM HISTORY.

or little hoop*nety with a handle near three feet long^ of
wood; the hoop also of wood, and the netting of raw hide,
or tendons of an animal. (Baftram, p. 506).

XIV. The most esteemed game of the Mexicans was a
kind of foot-ball, the ball was made of elastic gmn, three or
four inches in diameter; they played in parties of two
against two, or three against three; the players were naked,
except a large waist band ; it was an essential condition of
the game not to touch the ball, unless with the joint of the
thigh, or the arm or elbow, and whoever touched it with
hand or foot lost one point The poor played for ears of
maize, others staked dresses, gold, jewels, &c. The place
where the game was played is called TlcuikkOy an indosure
of four walls, eighteen perches in length and broad in pro*
portion, in which there were two large stones, resembling
mill stones, with a hole in the middle rather larger than
the ball; whoever had the rare luck to strike a ball
through one of those holes became, by law, ttie proprietor of
the dresses of all who were present; such a feat was celebrat-
ed as an immortal deed. Montezuma and other kings
played. Tochtepec and other places paid in tribute to the
crown 16,000 balls. There were two idols upon the walls,
and before they ever played, the priests blessed the place.
(Clavigero, i. 403).

Xy. The Aztecs knew not what tribe had inhabited
Anahuac, before the Toltecs, and attributed the pyramids
to them. All the people who arrived in America from the
sixth to the twelfth century, spoke the same language, had
the same worship, and built pyramids or houses of their
gods; they were of the same form, but of different dimen-
sions, and served as burial places for their kings and no-
bles. A great staircase led to the top of the truncated py-
ramid, and upon the summit of the platform were one or
two chapels, built like towers, which contained the coUos-
sal idol of the divinity to whom the teocalli was dedicated.
The teocalli of Mexico was dedicated to Tezcatlipoca, the
next divinity aft:er Teotl, the supreme invisible Being ; it
was built A. D. 1486, and was ninety-seven metres broad at

Digitized by VjOOQIC

21

ABIATIO HISTORY.

XIV • ^is very pretty sport ta see the Javans play at that
sort of ball or tennis5 which they call MasirU, without ever
striking with their arms or hands; but with their feet^ knees^
head^ elbows, heels, and other parts of the body, with great
dexterity." (Vincent Le Blanc, p. 99). Elublai frequently
attempted to conquer Java. (Wars and Sports, p. 61).

XV. The Temple of Shoemadoo, or the Oolden Supreme,
is built on a double terrace, one; raised upon another. The
lower and greater is ten feet high, and quadrangular. The
upper and lesser, of a like shape, is twenty feet high, the
whole being thirty from the level ground. A side of the
lower terrace I judged to be one thousand three hundred
and ninety-one feet; of the upper six hundred and eighty-
four. These terraces are ascended by flights of stone steps.
The walls that sustained the sides of the terraces are in a
state of ruin; they were formerly covered with plaster
wrought into various figures. On each side are the dwell-
ings of the Rahaans or priests; their houses consist only
of a single hall, no furniture, but bare benches on which the
Rahaan sleeps. There is a ^ae or umbrella and spire, which
are three hundred thirty-one feet high, making the whole
three hundred and sixty-one. On the south east angle of the
upper terrace, there are two handsome saloons or keouns late-
ly erected, of wood, sixty feet long, and supported by pil-
lars. Splendid images of Gaudma were to be placed in
these keouns. Numberless others lie scattered indiscrimi-
nately. (Captain Symes in Sir W. Jones's Sup. ii. 882). " The
analogy between the Birmans and ancient Egyptians, in
many particulars, is highly deserving of notice. Phra was
the name in which the Egyptians adored the Sun, (before it
was named Osiris), and Praw or Phraw in the Birman coun-
try imports lord, and is always annexed to a sacred building,
and is a sovereign and sacred title, probably the same as
Pharaoh. The temple of Shoemadoo was founded two thou-
sand three hundred years ago*." '^ The ruins of the walls
of Terrechettleree are (^massive t}iickness, and may be trac-
ed ten miles in circuit The enormous masses of brick pa-

* CoIomI Symei, 8vo, ii.62— 76.

Digitized by

Google

S9

AMimiGAN HISTORY.

its basisi and fifly-four in height That of Cfaolula, the
oldest^ has four stories of equal hei^t; the whole perpendi-
cular bright is fifty metres only^ each side of its basis 439
■letres in length, being twice as broad as that of Chec^.
It had an altar at its top^ dedicated to Quetzalcoatl^ the
god of the air^ a white and bearded man, high priest of
Tula, and chief of a rdigious sect^ like the Sonyasband
Bouddhists of Hindostan^ who inflict on themselves cruel
penances, lacerating themselves with thorns, and putting
reeds into their wounds, (Humboldt's Anc. Americans,
Vol. i. 81).

With respect to the fossil bone question, which led the
writer into the American sut^jeet, so this has reflected much
light on the interesting qiiadruped, the mastodon^ which
was the inducement to conclude, that it and others, equally
unknown to be in existence, were antediluvian; but a few
lines will show the very great probability that the quadru-
peds deemed to be extinct may be found living. Not a trath
part o{ihe/ore$t$ of Africa^ America, or Asia are yet known*
If the Britidi could have settlements in Sumatra, such a
great number of years, and be ignorant, till a doien years
ago^ that the island contains twp qpecies of the tapir, an
orangoutang, near eight feet high, and a g^antic flower, as
astonishing to botanists as if dropped from another planet,
what may we not meet with in the immense regions utterly
unkhown to Europeans?

The following are deemed irresistible proo& that the
mastodon is in existence : —

I. Bones of the mastodon, silicious and very hard*, equal
in sise to those of the Ohio, a grinder sixteen and half
inches in circumference, a humerus twenty-five inches round
the condyles, with several grinders and bones of yoimger

* The BirmanB showed me, near the weHs of Petroleiim, some petri-
fied wood: it was hard and sfficeocu; they said it was the nature of the
soU that caused die transiBntatioa; that leaves were frequendy dianged
into stone before the|f eodi be dfl^yed hf time. (Symes, ii. 22S).

Digitized by

Google

23

ASIATIC HISTORY.

godas in Pegu^ are of immemorial age, and approach nearer
to the pyramids than any other relic of antiquity. The
constant ornaments of the religious edplces are sphinxes ,
griffins, mermaids, and crocodiles, which are the exact
symbols of the religion cfthe Egyptians'^.

* Two years in Av% by detain T. A. Trant

individuals, and fragments of tusks: fossil molares of the
rhinoceros, resembling two species of a genus named by Cu-
vier, anihracotherium; bones like an animal of the horse
kind; remains of crocodiles, like the gavial of the Ganges,
have been found in a diluvial formation, on the left bank of
the Irawaddy, Nortii Lat 30^ to 21^, and which are deemed
to be remains of a former world, before man was called into
existence. (Morning Herald, September 14, 1827). These
are not extraneous fossils like those in Europe, Ava being
the natural country of elephants, rhinoceroses, horses, (which
are wild in Tangut and Thibet), and crocodiles. Pegu is
remaikable for producing the largest elephants known: an
officer lately saw six elephants, the impression upon the
hard sand of the river bank in Arracan of the foot of one of
them being upwards of twenty inches at the smallest dia-
meter.

II. Remains of the mastodon have been found by the
Ural mountains ; Oguz Khan's residence was at those moun-
tains, between the sources of the Tobol and Ishim ; he con-
quered India extra Oangem. Kublai and Timurkaan in-
vaded Siberia with immense armies, to subdue their rebel-
lious relation Kaidou, for nearly thirty years. All Siberia
belonged to Oenghis's family about diree centuries. A
large tooth was found in the Crimea, which belonged to the
Moguls above five hundred years.

ni. Remains of the Mastodon have been fbund near Flor-
ence, mixed with those of the elephant, hippopotamus^
rhinoceros, horses, oxen, deer, hyasna, bear, hog, tiger,
wolf, beaver, and tapir. The Romans traded to India with
one hundred and twenty ships annually, and no doubt pro-

Digitized by

Google

24

cured the tapir from Somaka, a&d the mastocUm from Pegu.
Others, found in Europe, naqr be referred to the same
origin.

rV. In many places in America, bones and teeth of the
dephant, like thoee of Siberia, have been foimd ; and no
doubt can remain, from what has already been published,
that there are now living elephants and mastodonies in Ame-
rica, not very far from where the Peruvians and Mexicans
landed in the thirteenth century.

For a known period of «bottt two thousand two hundred
years, the Turks and Moguls have had their head quarters,
at difierent qx)chs, at. the purees of the principal immense
rivers, which discharge thc^r waters into the Arctic sea.
Ogus ,at the Tobol, before Christ about eight centuries;
Butezena, at the Irtish,* A. D. 545; Genghis, at the hexui,
A. D. 12Q2; and they have possessed the mosi fiunous re-
gions in the world for elephants, the artillery of armies in
those ages. The Great Khan of the Turks is known to have
had mai^ elephants* Thus the wonder at the remains of
those animals being found in the frozen ocean and Bearing's
Straits can no longer exist. Hie two fcdlowing recent dis-
coveries are notable ducidations on this antediluvian sub-
ject:—

At Argant, Dep. Eastern Pyrenees, a cave contained
bones of the rhinoceros-^AesconnK^ of Curier, an antedilu-
man animal; wild boar, horses, oxra, different kinds of
sheep, and of deer of the species still existing, mixed with
the bones of several qpedes which are now extinct^ but no
bones of carnivorous animals. (lit Gas. June 20, 1829).
A cave at Bire, Dep. of the landes, contained antediluvian
human and animal bones — human bones were buried in the
midst of the bones of extinct animals. At Bogota, in Co-
lombia, there is a species of tapir, hitherto supposed to have
been extinct: at Suma Paz, at a great elevation, two tapirs
were killed, such as are described by the old writers. (I At
Gaz. February 21, 1829).

. Had any one believed the assertion about the human
bones, there would have been no little curiosity excited.
~ The discoveries of late, of human fossil bones in England
and elsewhere, have been numerous* All, or most, of
the fossil animals discovered, and described by naturalists

Digitized by

Google

25

with a precision that renders their labours of the highest
▼altte, may be within the reach 'of firtore travellers, and add
an additional zest to zoological pursuits. The three princi-
pal animals, the bones of whidi have been found in Siberia,
are Uie elephant, ihinooeros, and buffiilo* Col. Symes,
Vol. ii. p. 80, remarks, that '^ the btrfbloes in Pegu are no-
bler animals than those of India. Some are of a Kght cream
colour; they draw heavy loads on carts or small waggons.**
These animals have no doubt ac(6ompanied the invading ar-
mies sent by Kublai and his successor to the Irtish and Oby ;
one of them would be a curiosity in Europe. Even now, when
elephants are not required for fluting in warfare, the king
of Ava is said to possess six thousand. (Symes, ii. 364).

It is perhaps not known that the sovereigns of Madagas-
car are Moguls.

*^ When Radama, the king of Madagascar, died at Tana-
narivo, the body was laid in the silver palace, which was
hung with satins, velvets, and silks. The vast roof was co-
vered with the finest English scarlet cloth. There was an
immense canopy or pall, of the richest gold brocade, with
stripes of blue satin and scarlet cloth. The coffin was of sil-
ver plates made with twelve thousand Spanish dollars, and
the body was laid upon ten thousand more spread under it.
There were buried with his Majesty twelve of his finest
horses, ten bulls, all his rich clothing, especially the milita-
ry. Eighty suits of British uniforms, hats, feathers, golden
helmets, gorgets, epaulets, sashes, gold spurs, rich swords,
daggers, spears (two of gold), beautiful pistols, muskets,
fowling pieces, watches, rings, brooches, a large sideboard of
plate, a splendid solid gold cup, and many others presented
by the king of England. The value of the whole is stated
at sixty thousand pounds, no preceding sovereign having
been so ridi. Twenty thousand oxen were given to the peo-
ple. The two royal bands of music played all the day those
airs, English, Scotch, and Irish, marches and waltzes, which
the king had most delighted in. Five brass field pieces, and
many cannons, from six to twenty-four pounders, and mus-
ketry were fired. There were present the queen Rana\ano-
\9,'Mdnjaka*, Rakatofteg, son of Prince Ratafle, Prince

* *' We passed on to ShemnugaUy, where reigneth Queen Afon-

Digitized by

Google

36

Corelerfe^ chief seereUry^ the judges^ &c., and 30 to 30,000
people. The l¥hole eeremony was most splendid and order-
ly. Signed^ George Bennet'* The fall description in the
Morning Herald, April 93, 1829, fills two columnsL

The abote is completely the description of a Mogul chief;
as the ridi tombs in Tartary, Peru, and Mexioo prove* Mar-^
CO Polo was sent by the Empei^r Kublai^ with fourteen
diipe of four masts, s(Mne with crews of 250 men, from China
to the FefuiBn Gtdf, to convey a Mogul princess, grandchild
of Kublai, aged seventeen, to espouse a grandson <rf*Hulaku,
king of Persia. They reached their destination; but the
fleet never returned to China. (Marsdra*s Marco Polo, Intro-
duction). It ia not improbable that one or more of the ships
may have been driven to Madagascar* Polo relates, frcmi
report, that the natives were Mahometans; and that Kublai
had, previously, reodved from that island a ixsA of a wild
boar the size of a bufialo, wei^iing fourteen pounds (un-
doubtedly of a hippopotamus). He likewise mentions the
strong south current, and that many dlips traded lo that is-
land fit)m India4 (Marsden's ed. p» 706). In Rees*s Cyo. it
is said that the natives are of a cojpper colour, olive, and
black; the latter with woolly hair.

Gibbon has eloquoitly said, that the rapid conquests of
the Moguls were like the primitive convulsions of nature^
without knowing of their achievements in America^ or Mar
dagascar. Arabia excepted, their arms in less than a cen-
tury were triumphant over all the continent of Asia, eicepli
Hindostan (which they vanquished in 1525), Russia was r^
duced to tribute; Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, and to the
shores of Dalmatia, were ravaged. The empires of Peni^
and Mexico were founded. Greek and Roman and Condcan
fiune are all eclipsed by the Moguls^

Juty 22, 1831. John Raktiko.

Mka. WsplM8eddmig1lie«toa«ws&,fiik*safiitiioattl]]((h,f(tfi^
and saw pretty towns aadvfllageB belonging to Queen Menchika." (RoBibn
Travel^ A.D. 1619; Purchaa, iii«798). " Bona it tke tide of the chief
prince among the Riypoots." (Rennell). Ranee u iihe femkme. BegiM
a well-known title of Timur and others. No doubt can exist about these
being Moguls. Die following is another curious confirmation in Peru:
** The Empress of the Inca was also called Mamanchic, and Mamacnna,
as te mother of her sabjeottf." (Gafgillasse 4e la Vega> i. KM).

Digitized by

Google

27

POSTSCRIPT.

IT is m>t a little extrniordinary that the following ifras dis-
covered^ while the preceding pages were in the pEress: — ,.

The Ehitah Tartars struck a mortal blow against the um-
versal monarchy of the Hoei-hou^ leaving them only four
states^ of which Kashgar was the most powerful. Those
who possessed it called themselves As-lan^ or Arselan-hoei-
houy meaning Hoei*hou Lions. The Hoei-hou of Khan-
tcheou (a few miles N* E. of Singan-f\i)> their capital city, in
Shensi^ were masters of the great kingdom ofTham-goutk^j
(Tangut).' All these states were exterminated by Genghis
Khan. (DTSferbelot, iv. 157). As*lan, thete can bfe no
doubt> is the origin of Aztlan; whence Aztecs. It must be
recollected^ that the laborious^ researcher hak to filtrate his
conclusions through Chinese^ Tartar^ Spanish/ French, and **
English spelling, mixed with that froni the oral communica*-
tions of American Indians. Kiiblai Khan is fouhd tn his*
tory linder the names and titles, Che-tgau, Tchoum-thoum,
Hhou*bi-lai, Kho-pou-lu-han, Khoboulkhan, and (most ap*
propriately!) Kil-Khan. This statement regarding die Az-
tecs is strengthened by the fcdlowing: '^ The ToUecas teHJ
us they were banished from their own country, Huehueftla-1
pallan, which we take to have been in the kingdom of Tol-I
Ian. Toltecotl, in Mexican, signifies a native of ToIIan.l
They founded the city of Tollan or Tula, the oldest, as farT
as we know, in Anahuac/* (Clavigero, i. 84, 85). Thus, from \
Azt-lan they are called Aztecks, from Tollan, Toltecs. *

• Thus the writer's conjecture, in 1S27, page 3S3 of << The Conquemt
of Peru and Mexico hy the MoguU,** that Montezuma's ancestors wer^
from Assam, is confirmed. Kantcheou is 150 miles from Tan^t^m
(Marsden's Marco Polo, note 333) in which is Assam : it therefore be-
longed to the As-lan Tartars. . u

GooQle

Digitized by

W

A Dotice of the conquest of Peru and Mexico by the Moguls^ ^ <% ^N ^^
at considerable lengthy has been published at Florence, of ^ ? . V . ^^

^

>i^

-^

^:

^^ which the following is an extract It is by a Swedish gen-^ r

J^ tleman (named Jacopo Graberg di Hemso), a member of all ^^^
V the learned Societies in Europe. ^ b

-^^ ^ ^

Va ^ EstraUodalF Antologia. iVo. 104. jlgastol829.

^ ^j «♦ ♦ ♦ Indigeni del Messico e del PerA, furono, senz*
^ ^ ^ alcun dubbio, di ori^ne Asiatica, Tatara, o Mongolia,
^ \ come ha finito di prorarlo ultimamente il signor Giovanni
^Ranking, in un opera di sonmia erudisione, da lui pubbli- ^
^ ^ ^ cata due anni sono in inglese, col titolo di, Investigassiom j*

^ J UUniche intarno lacanquista del Peril del Messico , di Bo-
^ ^ x^goto, Natchez, e Talameco, nel decvmoterzo secolo, da
^ Mcmgolli accompagnati da el^anti, e concordanza deUa
^ storia, e della tradizione col F esistenza cf avami di ele-
^fante, e di mastodonti in America,

^ * * * La quale opinione, che abbiano gli Asiatid in
^ cotal guisa, ed a diversi tempi, abbandonato Pantico mondo
^^ ^ per arrivare fortuitamente al nuovo, fu gia presentita tre
^- ^ secoli sono dal padre Gioseflb di Aoosta, ed 6 ora stata dal
^ ^ signor Ranking resa quasi indubitata per una serie di argo-
v^ ^ menti, pruove, tradizioni e conghietture, al complesso delle
N^ l* V^qiudi ci 6 parso difficilissimo, per non dire impossibili, il
1^ non arrendersi compiutamente. Robertson^ de Humboldt,
<Q Pennant, Carver, Barton ed altri vanno in ci6 d* accordo
^coanol La sola parte del libro del signor Ranking dove
non ci possiamo combinare con lui, i quelb che tratta delle
cosi dette antichita di Talomeo^^

5

>>^

?

LONDON:
m'dowall, printer, psmbertok row,

aOUOH SQUARE.

n^^jT

" * DigrtizedbyVjUOgle

C^ ^

J

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

r

f

1

zed^

Digitized t Google